9 6 4
c . «■ I „ 1 Some however, as ro rsy lli, place two against a pior, one on eacli
£Sn"g¥ffreaifetav?s“aid%feg°s!ripfeMfto
5 S ' S : f e i l | | £ s 5 ^ ^
i i S i S | S | i l s
g ? o t f e a X f e t o S n t o £ i “oVsto'^^^ 10 in. apart. The south, west, and eastern sides
walls are employed. The
chief pccuUanties of the cultu
re are,Luiu- «IU, allo wimngs o'■”n/ ly/ tw/ o
e a ch ^ ’ine, and planting the
vines several feet from the
wall. The spurring systern
of pruning is employed, and
it will be seen th a t th e success
depends principally on
these three particulars. The
main branches of each particular
vine plant assume,
above ground, the form qf
the letter T (Jig-8170. each
arm being4ft.long.thespurs
6 in. apart, ancl the upright
stem being shorter or longer
accordingly as the two arms
or horizontal branches are u-.. .
^ f e 't a l i t o T h ’e r o g f e V a n c h e s are placed ,8 in F M I
h i t a wail 8 ft. high will contain five lines of ¿ ® t ^ r branches ( ^ - ^hey are all
f e S f e f e t o f e r o r n f e "tefes'otathose otothe no rth side brought throngh holes in
the wall to the south side (J ig . 818. <i)-
818
4752. W illiam s ofPitmaston (H o r t. N a n s . / f o \ . h u p . J
fill iiD the vacancies of other tru it trees, which seems vv
i r i h i b e trained horizontffily under tho
shoots, the spaces between th e other the south wall o f a large garden might be furnished
i t f v V r i / t T Z f T o r T s T r t P c S ^ ^ ^ ^ ‘be roots o f w®hich would not encumber
n i L i / « tii f bave an experiment of this kind now in
¿ o g r e s s in my gard « i. Withm a few years past, I have gradually trained bearing branches of a small
bUc-k cluster-grape to th e distance ol nearly 50 ft. from the root, and I find the bunches every year grow
larger, and ripen e ^ h e r as the shoots continue to advance. Accordmg to Knight’s theory of the circu-
lation of the sap, the ascending sap must necessarily become enriched by th e nutritious particles it meets
with m Its progress through the vessels of the albhrnum ; the wood a t the top of tall trees I h e r S
hecqmes short-jointed and full of blossom-buds, and the fruit there situated attains its greatest p e rfection.
Hence we find pme and hr trees loaded with the finest cones on the top boughs the largest
o h i / ® forramal branches of the oak, and the finest mast on the high boughs of the beech and
c h e s tn u t; so likewise apples, pears, cherries,&c., are always best flavoured from the top of the tree But
n o f S e l y circulate beyond which th e sap would be so loaded with nutriment that it could
‘^ V f - f f i f f in in g th e s k o o l s o f v in e s along tk e g ro u n d , like those of melons and cucumbers, has been proposed
by Vispre (D is s e r t, o n the Growth o f W in e in E n g . Bath. 1786). and was practised by him on a
small scafo a t Chelsea, where th e grapes wwe considerably larger than those of the same kihd growing
on a south wall, and well ripened. Bacon had before suggested this mode, from a report th a t “ in some
places vines are suffered to grow like herbs, spreading upon the ground, and the grapes of these vines are
very large, ’ See. It appears Irom Vispre, that the Rev.%. L e Brocq had taken but a patent for training
fruit trees m this manner. Speechly, says, “ fruit trees of various sorts havebeen so trained at Welbeck
£ ¥ S d b d | S i r ’e Selkirk’s garden a t St. Mary’s Isle
4754. G row in g the v in e o n e s p / i e r s . This may be done, following the same directions iu all respects
/aisf mloQr twllla-lltilrs ;o cb ,ul,Lt. Oivtv iOsr t e¡wvi.ldrtevn. t* 1t, ho aotU, ouInl_d_e_r_ s1u_c_h_ _t_re_a_t_m_ _e cn t, the fr uit wi.l l not com e to :t h^e same udcegglr eI ee
may be prelerable to growing the vines as dwarf
frequently thinned out a t the time of giving the
left, which may be called No. 1.; 2. and 3. are cut
standards.
4755. To fa c ilita te the b u r s tin g o fth e buds, they
vines their winter pruning. Tlie uppermost bud
o u t ; 4. is le ft; and so on, cuttmg out two
vol. ii. p. 413.)
and leaving one, to the bottom of the shoot. (G a rd . Mag.,
_ 4756. Grow in g virws as sta n d a rd s. This practice may be adopted either in the borders of eardens or
m extensive plantations as vineyards, and the plants may be trained either like red currants or raspberries
I /•/. • ^ fr- fro«! ground, th ree or more shoots, 18 in or
2 it. m length, diverge from the stem, and supply young wood annually for bearing. The summer
pruning consists m removing shoots whicb have no fruit, or are not wanted for the succeedin'’- season •
m topping fruit-bearmg shoots, and also those for the succeeding years, when inconvenientlv lone and
straggling. F or as by this mode the shoots destined to bear are all cut into three or four eyes at the
winter season, no inconvenience arises from th e ir throwing out laterals near the extremities, which ston-
pmg will generally cause them to do. This mode is adopted in vineyards on dry rocky situations where
they do not run much to wood. In training standard vines, as raspberries, the single stem a t bottom is
not allowed to exceed 6 in. or 8 in. m height, and from this two or three shoots are trained or tied to a
single stake ot 3 ft. or 4 ft. in length. These shoots bear each two or three bunches within 1 ft. or 18 in
qt th e u gromid,........■ —and - ---they OT , are - 3 annually succeeded by others which SjOT.spring mg ,.from v iu n their .u u unac base ; Luai.that is,is irom
froni
Uie th e crown or top of the dwarf mam main stem. This is the mode practised in the north of France and in
in
Germany ;, m n the the south south of of France,France, and and in in Italy,Italy, the the base or main stem side shoots, m order to aflrord a greater s base ...... or main ............................°
stem is is often often higher,higher, and and furnished furnished with
with
greater height. The summer pruning i
supply of bearing wood, which is tied to one or more poles of
- , , u ‘t- I q e summer pruning m this case is nearly the same as in the last. In the winter
pruning, the wood that lias borne is cut out, and the new wood shortened in cold situations to three nr
four eyes, and in warmer places to six or eight eyes.
4757. The co d in g sy stem o f g row in g g ra p e s has been before (§ 3155.) referred to, as a recent invention
by Ml . John Mearns. It is nothing more than taking a long shoot or cutting from a vine, taking off all
t ^ buds, and then beginnmg a t the lower end of the shoot, and coiling it round and round, sav from
three to six or eight tunes, the mside of a pot of 12in. or 14 in. or more in diameter. The shoot may be
qt any length, trom 6 ft. to 30 ft., and it may be entirely of last year’s wood; or the greater part of it mav
fo "oo'i> provided 3 ft. or 4 it. a t the upper end b e o f new wood; because, as every gardener knows
the buds from young wood are more certain than those from old wood of producing blossom the first
y ^ r . 1 he vine being coiled round in the pot. and plenty of drainage being put in the bottom, take care
th a t the end of the shoot left out of the pot, on which the fruit is to grow, be not injured at the point
where it separates from the coil. This shoot may be 2 ft. or 3 ft. lo n g ; and, to keep it steady, it m l y be
tied tq a riake, qr coiled round two or three stakes. After this, fill up the pot with a rich loamy soil
pressing it firmly against the coil, as il you were making firm the end of a cutting. Unless this is done
m such a manner as to bring every part of the coil in close contact with the soil, it will not root so readily
as It otherwise would do. The next operation is, to wrap up with moss all that part of the stem which
is above th e pot, and this moss must be kept constantly moist till the grapes are formed. The pot should
now be plunged mto bottom heat either in a pit or forcing-house; but, wherever it is plunged, care must
be taken to regulate the temperature of the atmosphere of the house, in such a manner as to prevent the
top of the vine from being excited before the roots. If this should happen, th e young shoots produced
will soon wither for want ot nourishment. Abundance of air, therefore, should be given for several
weeks, so as never to allow the temperature of th e atmosphere of the house, frame, or pit to exceed 45°
or .50°, while the temperature of the medium in which the pots are plunged may be as high as 65° or 70°
v\ hen, by examination, you find that fibres are protruded from the coil, the temperature of tb e atmosphere
may be gradually raised, when the buds will soon break, and the shoots will grow apace. The
shoots proceeding from that part ol' the stem above the pot should be led up to within 8 in. or 10 in of
the glass, and there trained, at that distance from it, towards th e buck of the pit or house. It is needless
to state to the practical gardener, tb a t each shoot wil! require to be shortened, freed from laterals, &c
hach vine will produce from three to twenty or more bunches, according to the length of the coil and
the variety of the grape. In Jan nary, 1834, Mr. Mearns had upwards of 200 coiled branches in pots and
nearly fifty of them in action ; some with twenty bunches of fine grapes on them.
4758. Fo rm a tio n o f v in e ya rd s. A vineyard is a collection of standard vines, planted in rows of a greater
or less width, according to the height and mode of training proposed to be adopted; and according as
the soil may be rich and deep, or poor and thin, or its surface flat or inclined. A square yard of surface
tq each plant, when thev are kept low, may be considered as a desirable medium. 'Where plantations
ot vines are made on th e sides of very steep hills, it is sometimes customary to form the surface into
terraces or horizontal beds rising one above another. The width of these beds or terraces depends
on th e regular or irregular declivity of the hill. 'W’hen th e declivity is regular and the hill steep
each terrace is narrow and supported by a wall, against which the vines are planted and trained as ou
low garden walls or espaliers ; but, in general, the irregularity of the declivity and surfaces of hills
causes a very great inequality in the breadth and height of the terraces, and in these cases the vines are
planted as standards, according to the room aftbrded by the platforms of the terraces. The walls which
support these platforms, in vine countries, are generally too rude to admit of training against them, and
therefore one of the standard modes above described is almost ahvays adopted. The following is a plan
recommended for this purpose: — Commence your operations upon a hill composed of chalk, or of any
kind of stone which can easily be worked, having from 6 in. to 1 ft. of toierablv good soil, and facing the
3 Q 3