emhcUished with the many proanctions whieh were poured into them from Greece.
H i n y ( l ih iv .) ; " “ Z Z Z Z Z l t S V o w i l c u J ío iu E u ro p e ,
t h e cm -ran t, a n d th e l a s p h c u y , _____ ( „ ja™ ;« ) for e ÿm
w m m m w r n r n f s s
wcî clq. _ . A-.....-,« fHû r-nrnh heiiu. C e ra tö n ia süiqua._ _ v„-.ar> JnMndine. as is s till the
Z f f i Z s t o c T Z t a % e n should have an oven, gently sloping smface. a southern
. aspect, and a small stream of water. n would appear, had even been at -
^ l . ’The Z i f T e la p b \p J u la r is (tale), wc me
tempted hy the emü7 he s p K ^ thin plates, in informed hy length not exeeeding S e n e c a and I h n y could be p ^ ¿„„on.
five feet (a rcmarkaWe « F ^m s ta n o e ^ P Columella (lih. xii. cap. 3.),
sions are now any where to he met witlO . “ Y ™ x L x . cap. 23.), that by means r f
Martial (lih. yiii. cap. U . ai d “Y);. ^ F F Z f J p o r s , h ad them in liis garden ttaough-
these speculana, Tihciius, who baskets of dung and earth, placed under
out the year. They were grown i. boxes m oasxc^^^^ g._,
these p lates; which wore removed m f i n e M a r t i a l refereed
Banks {Hort. Trans., vol. i. P- •) j Yod ■ and Daines Barrington supposes that the
•to. that both grapes and peaches w hot-waUs to forward early productions
Romans may not only have had hot ho . ^ (Pe Romans wore well
Ellies, Sh- Joseph Ba»ks j^^iscs, as wc do, but. in the coldeiacquaintcd
with ; they did not °P™ 7® ^ floors of their apm-tnionts. Dames
co iitrie s at least, they always had „or is Sir Joseph Banks’s
Barrington’s conjecture, F o-ranes and peaches. Th a t the Romans had fines
much better, as ta r as rcgar-ds ^l® 4 ,f5 j,L housol and hot-walls appeal- to he of comtotlieir
dwellmgJionses isccrtair^^; h ^ their houses. In the
m M Z 7 ? n Z Z w M r ( S r £ p - - i - 90-) l ’y“ “®
whence they received heat, in the Roman -villa he has described in Gloucestcrshii-e.
Similar fines and fireplaces were also found in the extensive -villa lately discovered on
the Blciilicim estate in O.xfordshiro. In Italy, the Romans used flues chiefly for baths
or sudatories ; and in some of those which wo have seen in the disinterred city of Pompeii,
the walls round the apartment ai-e flucd, or hollow, for the ch-culatiou of hot air and
smoke.
72. The luxury o f ice in cooling liquors was discovered hy the Romans at the time
when they began to force fruits. Daines Bareiiigton notices this as a rcmai-kable circnm-
stance; and adds, as a singular- coincidence, the coeval invention of these arts in
England. The art of preserving snow for cooling liquors, during the siminicr, in wai-m
countries, was known in the earliest ages. It is inciitioilcd hy Solomon. {Proverbs,
XXV. 13.) Ice was also preserved for the same puipose; hut chiefly in the ilorthern
countries. Snow is at present employed in Italy, Spain, and P o rtu g a l; ice in Persia.
The Persian ice-pits arc described by travellers. There is no accoimt of Grecian
or Roman ice-houscs given hy any of the ancient writers on agriculture. The cooling
of water without snow or ice is very ancient. Pliny gives the invention to Nero ; hut it was
known to Hippocrates, according to G a le n ; and Aristotle was certainly acquainted
with i t (See Bechmann’s Hist, o f Inventions, vol. iii.)
S e c t . IV. Roman Gardening, considered in respect to the Propagation and Planting o f
Timber Trees and Hedges.
73. The Romans propagated trees by the methods noiv in common use in om- nurseries.
Fruit trees wore generally gi-aftcd and iiiocnlatod; vines, figs, and olives raised by cuttings,
laj'oi-s, or siiekei-s ; and forest trees generally propagated by seeds and suckers.
74. Though/oi-esf trees wore reared with great care roundhouses in the city {Hor.
Pp., lib. i. V. 10. 22.), and to produce shady walks for exercise in the country, yet it
docs not appear clear that they were either planted in masses, or strips, expressly for
useful pulposos. They were planted in rows in vineyards on which to train the vine ;
and the sorts generally prefereed were the poplar and the elm. Natural forests and
copses, then, as now, supplied timber and fuel. Ti-ces which do not stole {arbores
cceduai), were distinguished from such as being cut over spring up again {succisce repul-
lulant) : of the former class was the larch, which was most in use as timber. The greatest
tree that had been over seen at Rome was one brought there for rebuilding the bridge
at Namnachiaria. Tiberius Cicsar laid it open to public inspection, and intended it to
remain as a singular monument, on account of its great size, to all posterity. I t remained
eiith-e and whole, until Nero bidlt his stately ampliitlicatrc. It was the tran k of
a larch tree, and was 120 feet in length, and 2 feet in diameter, from one end to the
other. There was also a most e.xtraordiiiary fir tree, that fonncd the mast of the vessel
which, in the time of the Emperor Caligula, transported out of Egjqit into Italy tho
obelisk which was set up in the Vatican hill within the circus there, as well as tho foiu-
lai-go stones used as supporters to it. This mast was of a height above all others ; “ and
certain it is,” say the ancients, “ that there never was known a more wondci-fiil ship to
float upon the sea than this was.” She received 120,000 inodii of lentils for the very
ballast, and she took up in length the greater pai-t of Ostia harbotu-; for Claudius the
emperor caused it there to be sunk, together with three mighty piles or dams, founded
upon it, and mounted to the height of towers, for which piu-pose there was brought a
largo quantity of earth or sand from Puteoli. The main body of this mast contained in
compass foiu- fathoms full. (Plin., Hat. H id ., Hb. xvi. cap. 40.)
75. IVaZoTO were oidtivatod for binding the vines to the trees that supported th em -
for hedges ; and for making baskets ( Firp. Georg., Ub. ii. v. 4. 36.) ; moist ground {uduii
salictum) was prefereed for gi-owing them.
76. Hedges were of vai-ious sorts, but we are not informed what were the plants grown
in those used for defence. Pliny mentions briars or thorns ; but the species intended
are uncertain; Virgil mentions the broom. They surrounded chiefly vineyards and
gardens ; for agriciiltm-c was then, as it stiU chiefly is iu Italy, conducted in the conmioii
01- open-field manner.
S e c t . V. Roman Gardening, as a Science, and as to the Authors it produced.
I i . 'The gardening o f the Romans was entirely empiricad, and was careicd on with all
the superstitious ohsoraanccs dictated by a religion fouiidod on polytheism. Almost
every operation had its god, who was to be invoked or propitiated on all occasions
1 will ivritc for your instruction,” says Vareo to Fundasins, “ three books on husbandry,
first invoking the twelve dii consentes." After cniiincrating the gods which preside over
household matters and tho common field operations, lie adds, “ adoring Venus as the
patroness of the garden, aud offering my entreaties to Lympha, because culturo is
c 4