I i ;
i ! , I
■i !
! 5 r ! Í '
" t í
’f e )
T a r t III.
The fruit is brought to the dessert, and recommends itself by its highly aromatic flavour,
4511. Use.
andabundiuit subadd juice
It is very wholesome, cooling, and ra the r laxative. Like the strawberry,
it does not undergo the acetous fermentation, and therefore may be safely eaten by gouty and rheumatic
persons. An agreeable wine is made from the juice; a syrup is obtained from the unripe berries, which
IS used as a gargle in cases of sore th ro a t; and the bark of th e tree is a vermifuge.
4.512. Varieties. Only one variety of the black is mentioned by Miller; with-palmate leaves and smaller
fruit.
4513. Propagation. By seed, layers, cuttings, or grafting. The first is tho least advisable mode, unless
for stocks to inarch upon.
4.514. B y lay e rs. These will generally take root sufficiently the first year to bear separating from the
parent tree, and should then be planted in a nursery, and trained up with single stems. In four years
thev will be fit to plant out where they are to remain. They should be planted at a proper distance to
admit the sun and air, as the fmit, when the trees are too close, is very apt to turn mouldy; they should
also be sheltered from the east, north, and west winds. Knight lays parts of th e bearing branches of
old trees in pots raised to these branches upon poles. Wood of any age will do, and the plants afford
fruit the second or third year.
4515. B y cuttings. In raising mulberries from cuttings, choose the former year’s shoots, having one
jo in t of the two-year.old wood. P la n t them in autumn, if fine weather, or in the month of March, in
rows 9 in. apart, and at the distance of 2 in. in the rows, leaving only two or three buds above g ro u n d :
mulch the ground with leaves or dung well rotted, to keep it moist, and the plants will require little
watering. If they succeed well, they may, next season, be transplanted into a nursery, and treated as
directed for layers. These young trees, while they remain in the nursery, should be transplanted every
three or four years. Miller says, mulberry cuttings will also strike well if planted on a hotbed in spring.
In Spain and India, as Townsend and Tenant inform us, the white or silkworm mulberry is always propagated
by cuttings, three or four being planted together, so as to grow up into a bush.
451C. B y truncheons. The wood of the mulberry will strike root a t any age, and th a t which is old
Anybranch w ith th e smaller shoots removed, and firmly inserted
xuriantly the first year, and in three or four years afterwards produce
more readily than that which.is young.
in the ground like a post, will shoot luxuriantly i
abundance of fruit. ’ It appears th a t by placing sucli truncheons or branches on the ground, and
allowing them to remain there some months in a horizontal position, they will succeed better when afterwards
planted upright. (See G a rd . Mag., vol. v. p. G3.)
4.517. B y suc k e rs. Mulberry trees, as well as most others so propagated, are longer in coming into
bearing than those raised iu any other wav but by seed. Tlie plants of this tree, raised from bearing
brunches, have entire heart-shaped leaves, but those obtained from suckers or seeds present deeply
divided or half-winged leaves.
4518. B y g r a ftin g . Knight having planted some young mulberry trees in pots, raised them to th e bearing
The voung grafts bore fruit , nbyapproach. o o ........ ............t.h..e... .t.h...i.r..d.o ty—ear,— and
branenesof old tree s,and grafted them byapproach. young bo:
■ ' ” oductive. This tree succeeds very il
continued annually ¿o d u c tiv e .ill by tlie common modeof independent grafting.
(U o r t. T ra n s ., vol. i. p. GO.) At Munich, where the wfiitt
white m ulberry .
the silkworm, the finer varieties are grafted on the common seedlings,
propagated extensively for feeding
_ . ■ th e flute manner (§ 24G3.).
(See G a rd . Ma g ., vol. vii. p .485.)
4.519. Soil. The tree, Miller observes, delights in a rich light earth, and where there is depth of soil,
as in most of the old kitchen-gardens about London. In a very stiff soil, or on shallow ground, whether
of clay, chalk, or gravel, th e tru n k and branches are commonly covered with moss, and the little fruit
produced is small, ill-tasted, and ripens late. Abercrombie says, the miillierry thrives well in a deep
sandy loam, and will succeed in any fertile mellow ground, having a free situation in the full sun.
4.520. Site. The mulberry is generally groivn as a standard or half standard, sometimes as espaliers,
dwarfs, or wall-trees. A single young plant does not afford much fru it; but one full-grown and healthy
will afford more than is sufficient for th e supply of a large family. Miller recommends planting in a
situation defended from the strong south and north-west winds, in order to preserve the fruit from being
blown off; but a t the same time to keep them at such a distance from trees or buildings, as not to keep
off the sun, for where the fruit has not th e benefit of his rays to dissipate the morning dews early, it wili
tu rn mouldy and ro t upon the trees. The nurseries, and especially those at Paris, afford large standard
trees of five or six years’ growth, which come into bearing the year after removal. Those are in general
to be made choice of in preference to raising th e tree from cuttings or inarching. In orchards they may
be planted 30 ft. or 35 ft. from other trees, and 20 ft. apart on walls or espaliers; dwarfs may be planted
15 It. ap a rt; and in each case temporary fruit trees may be introduced between.
4.521. Forsi/th recommends planting mulberries in grass orchards and pleasure-grounds, because, as the
finest of the fruit, when ripe, frequently drops, it can be picked up w ithout receiving any injury. Another
reason for planting these trees on lawns or in orchards is, that, when full grown, they are too large for a
kitchen-garden. Abercrombie adds, “ so nice is the criterion of perfect ripeness, th a t berries falling
without damage are superior to those gathered. Besides, a grass surface harmonises best with trees of
magnitude, and increases the heauty of a rural scene.”
4.522. W illiam s experienced, that the fruit might be much improved in size and flavour by training the
trees against a south or west wall. “ The standard mulberry,” he says, “ receives great injury by being
planted on grass-plots with a view of preserving th e fruit when it falls spontaneously. No tree, perhaps,
receives more benefit from the spade and the dunghill than th e mulberry; it ought, therefore, to be frequently
dug about the roots, and occasionally assisted with manure. 'I'he ground under tho tree should
be kept free from weeds throughout the summer, particularly when the fruit is ripening, as the reflected
light and heat from the bare surface of the soil is thus increased; more especially if the ends of the branches
are kept pruned, so as not to bower over too near to, and shade, th e ground. The fruit is also very line
if the tree is trained as an espalier, within the reflection of a south wall or other building. If a wooden
trellis were constructed with the same inclination as th e roof of a forcing-housc, fronting the south and
raised about G ft. from the ground, leaving the soil with the same inclination as the trellis, a tree trained
on it would receive the solar influence to great advantage, and would probably ripen its fruit much better
than a standard.” (H o r t. T ra n s ., vol. ii. p. 92.)
4523. K n ig h t concurs with Williams as to th e advantages of planting th e tree against a south wall
in cold situations, adding, that “ it affords an exception to all, or almost all, other fruits, to which the
wall gives increased hulk and beauty, a t the cxpence of richness and fiavour.” ( I lo r t. T ra n s ., vol. iii.
p.GG.)
4524. Mode o f b earing. “ The mulberry produces its fruit chiefly on little shoots of the same year,
which arise on last year’s wood, and on .spurs from the two-year-old wood; in both stages, mostly at the
ends o fth e shoots ancl branches.”
4,525. P n in in g . Miller and Forsyth agree in saying th e r e ’s no occasion to prune standards farther
than to thin out irregular crossing branches, and never to shorten the young wood, on which the fruit is
produced.
4526, P r u n in g toall trees a n d espalici-s. “ Cut so as to bring in a partial succession of now wood every
year, and a complete succession once in two y e a rs ; taking the old barren wood out, as may be necessary,
in the winter pruning, lay in the reserved branches and shoots at 6 in. or 7 in. distance.”
4527. Season f o r p r u n in g . “ As the blossom-buds o fth e mulberry tree cannot be readily distinguished
from others in the winter, the best period for pruning is when the blossoms first become visible in the
spring. Pinch off every barren shoot which is not wanted to cover the wall, and stop every bearing shoot,
under similar circumstances, at the third or fourth leaf. Williams has correctly stated, that the bud
s r f r r " " ■’re«"«“ '«.it i» . r f e v r Mi'lor. Forsj-th, and Knight, agree that this may he done with
i r r » r [ h ‘ ' r „ » ' S “ y ® d r r e - c h e s ; or by completely heading d„wn,a„d renewing
n ? / reddish to a Mack colour, and should be gathered accordingly for immfdiate
use. rin s delicate fruit will not keep good off the tree above a day or two.” Coke and Knight have ad
3 . m p. 394T ® eathering from July to the end of October. (U o r t i r Y j
4530. Forc ing the m u lb e r r y . Knight observes, that “ the mulberry is a m uch finer fniit when rinnnnH
under glass in the north of iierefordshire, than in the open air ; and in tlm sri 1 c o lL r / a r t s of
means by which it can be ripened at ail.’ The cultnre of fo i r f rF ir b v me^ S
¿ a s s , has been conimcd tq plants growing in p o ts; but I am not acquainted with anv species of fruit
tre e which, under such circumstances, produces more abundantly, Tr which require? £ ca?e Its
blossoms set equally well m different degrees of beat, and the same continued tem i/ra tu re ¿hinh J u \
ripen the earlier varieties of th e grape in the end of July, will afford p e rfS tly r i F / S b e r r i e i S l !
Ju n e ; and a tree of the latter species, when fully loaded with fruit, presents a t K t S a/ra e f f i
object to the eye as many plants which are cultivated as ornaments only. Jt is not su b iS t K r
mon care, to any disease or injury, except the attacks of the red spider f a n d / s the Miage a /d e r o w ^
fruit of the mulberry tree are not at all injured by being wetted eiory evening with d e a r ^ t / te r
spider can never prove a very formidable nnpw.v ” c(H/fya.,r-*t. 'Tr.r.a..n-.s-. , „voItl . uii.x) fa waiter, the red
SmsECT. 2. Berbern/.— Bcrixiis vulgàris L. (Eng. Bot. 49.) ; Hcxin. Digyn. L. and
Beiboiidca; J . hpine Vmette, Fr. ; Berberitzen, Gcr. ; Berberisse, D u td i ; Berbero,
Ital. ; anti Berheris, Span.
■pntnfT “ "to™ “ ‘1 also Of most parts o f Baiope, and is found in woods, coppices, and hedges in England, especially in a chalky
4.5.32. Use. The fruit is used for preserving, candying, and pickling
^ when in flower and in fruit.
well as for garnishing dishes ;
4.1.33. Varieties. Those most esteemed for their fruit are the following •
tkd berberry witliout stones; wJiicl.
has an agreeable fiavour when full
npe. It is only found without stones
when iho plant has attained considerable
age, and is on a poor soil.
Wldte barberry. (Poit. et Turp.
5. Black sweet; which is tho tenderest
of them, and should he planted in a
warm situation.
4. Common, ?-cd with stones (Du/iizm., I
152. et tab.). This is planted more
for ornament than use, on accouut
of its beautiful red berries.
5. Biaple-fruiicd. (Poit. et Turp. Pr.,
; s : it bears botb on young and old wood, chiefly tow;irds the extremities '"TlThrVnli.n,
„..V, a . r c u i i i y VOTi,u<l01uticll IJI Ullttlg
•spheorfolutso uosn, tahned sdteemca,y nendr l berr.aonHcieh.oetso; oirle mduycife also lonPg “ra“m“ b°mlerrss, aannad mtrimm u„pn lio/wi
- ............
wanted for domestic supply should Pe thou pulled i alway] pick them iu h u S e t e » ■
StmSECT. S.^ Elder. — Sambucus nigra X.. {Eng. B o tile d ) - , Ecntand. Trioi/n L and
Gcr.; Ulierbooin, Du.; kambueo,
introduced m cottage gardens and plantations for the fruit, ancf it forest plantations
exposed to the sea air, as a nurse plant. piaiiiations,
t o f e ' l t o u a k t e
mote.s expectoration and perspiration, and they give a peculiar flavo/r' to mi / proported
to be fatal to turkeys, Imd the berries to p o u ItZ /irg ra e ra l No
» b f e i e s f e s ? “ “ re “ ■» o t e r . feS« 'teed te g r o f e u T t f e e f e i i r p i S r e f e u » ^ ^ ^ ^ ^