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assemblage of saxatilc and A'erdant beauty. There arc some confined spots laid out in
the English taste, chiefly by British merchants, in the neighbourhood of Gottenhui-g, as
there are also near Christiania and Drontheim, in Norway : but it may be remai-ked,
that this style is not likely to he generally adopted in either country, because they
akcady possess much greater beauties of that kind wliich it is the aim of landscape-
gardening to create, aud with which those created by art would not bear a comparison.
437. A s celebrated gardens in Schönen, in 1831, may he mentioned the folloiving : —
Malthcsholm, Löpai-öd, Offoidskloster, Vanaes, and Witskofie ; all of which contain
kitchen-gardens, with hothouses, in which pine-apples are grown ; and forcing-houses
for grapes, peaches, cauliflowers, cabbage lettuce, carrots, cucumbers, and melons. The
forced finits are seldom ripened earlier than June or July. A t Malthesholin they excel
in growing the coffee tree, and gather a good deal of fruit. A t one time, the queen, on
a tour througli the coniitiy, stopped at this place, and was served with a cup of coffee
from berries groAvn in the garden. In 1824, two fine plants of Agave amcricàna
lloAVcred £it the same time, and were considered so much alike, that scarcely any difference
could be observed between them. They sent up stems twenty feet high, which
were covered with a profusion of flowers. The pleasure-grounds here are laid out in the
old French taste. A t Vanaes there are several New Ilolland plants. A t Witsköflc
there is a small mnlberry garden, which produces plenty of fruit every year. There
are also from twenty-five to thfrty fig trees, about six feet Iiigh, which ave planted in
the open ground every summer, and taken up in the beginning of eveiy winter, and
kept tiU next season in a cellai*. The garden of M. Rosenblad, at Stockholm, was, in
1836, considered one of the finest gardens in Sweden. The hothouses were 200 feet
long, and there Avere nearly 4000 specimens of plants.
438. The most popular flowers in Sweden are, the common sunflower, common and
Frcncli marigolds, pinks, carnations, and swectAvilliams, yellow lupines, garden poppy,
and mignonette. Sage, lavender, and box ai*e domestic shrubs, much in use for the
decoration of cliui-ches on holidays. The double dahlia and the Coreopsis tinctoria
were introduced by Morsch. The author of the Manual of Floriculture (Hanboh i Blom-
sterkulturen, &c.), pubhshed at Stockholm in 1831, enumerates many of the common
hardy herbaceous plants of England, as fit for the open air in Sweden. Tliis author.
Wennström, is a commercial gai'dener, and an intelligent man ; and, as we are informed,
one of the fcAv gardeners in Sweden Avho read English, and receiA'o publications from
Britain on the subject of their art. On the whole, however, a taste for flowers is not
popular in Sivcden ; if a farmer or cottager has any spare room in his garden, he prefers
rearing a foAv plants of tobacco. But the study of every branch of natural histoiy is in
repute among the higher classes and literati ; and the celebrity of the SAvedish botanists,
and of the Upsal gai-den, is universal. I t was difficult, Deleuze observes, to form
vegetable collections iu the northern countries ; but industry can conquer obstacles, and
the more precautions that are necessary to secure the plants from the rigour of the
climate, the more will culture be perfected. Among the rare native plants in the
neighbourliood of Alten are the Pcdicularis lapponica, and P. Sceptram Carolmwwj. The
latter has been found five feet iu height. Phododcndron lapponicnm, whicli resembles
in miniature the R. ponticum, is there found in abundance, and so extremely small,
tliat Capel Brooke found one shrub, apparently very old, and bearing, perhaps, 500
floAvers, Avhich might be covered \vitli the palm of the hand.
439. The botanic garden o f Upsal was founded in 1657, under the auspices of King
Charles Gustavns, and by the attention of Olaus Rudbeck. This learned man, seconded
by the credit of the Count of Gardie, chancellor of the academy of Upsal, and who had
liimself a fine botanic garden at Jacobsdahl, obtained funds necessaiy for the construction
of a garden and greenhouse, and to collect foreign plants ; and he augmented its riches
by the gift he made of his own garden in 1662. The progress of this establishment
may be seen by compaiing the three catalogues given by Rudbeck in 1658, 1666, 1685.
The latter enumerates 1870 plants, among which are 630 distinct species of exotics.
(B ib l Banksiana.) In 1702, the fire which consumed the half of the city of Upsal reduced
the greenhouse to ashes, and the garden Avas in a deplorable condition till 1740,
Avhen its walls were rebuilt. Two years afterwards the botanical chair and the direction
of the garden Avere given to Linnæus ; and tlie university, undoubtedly induced by that
reformer of natural histoiy, took charge of all the necessary expenses for the acquisition
and preservation of plants. Linnæus, feehng how essential it was to be assisted in all
tlie details of culture, obtained Dicdrich Nutzel, a clever gai'dener, who had visited
attentively the gardens of Germany, Holland, and England, and who had then the
charge of that of Chffort, in Holland. He there constructed neAV greenhouses, intended
for plants of different climates ; and he solicited successfully the principal botanic
gardens of Europe for specimens. Soon afterwards, several of his pupils, to-whom ho
had imparted a portion of his own enthusiasm for botany, Avcnt across the seas to collect
seeds and specimens ; and many tropical plants, first groAvn at Upsal, Avere sent thence
to the southern countries of Europe. The description and plan of the garden of Upsal
may be seen in the Amoenitates Academicoe. (Dissert, vii. t. i. p. 172.) Linnæus, in
1748 and 1753, published the catalog-ue of the plants ctiltivated there, and since his
time others have appeared, containing the additions Avhich have been made_ hy his
successors. In 1804, the large orangery built by Linnæus was found to be considerably
out of repair, and was taken down and rebuilt. A magnificent lecture-room and
museum Avere at the same time added. The ceilings of these rooms arc supported by
columns, which, being hollow, arc used as flues, and thus afford an elegant and effectual
means of heating tho air. On the avIioIc, the garden is respectably kept up ; and many
hardy plants, natives of N orth America in particular, are found here in greater luxuriance
than in France or Germany. This old garden was still in existence in 1839, and many
of the trees planted in it by Linnæus are noAV of luxuriant groAvth. _ The building it
smTOunds, which is now the house of the East Gothland Students’ Society, Avas erected,
in 1740, for the pursuits of Linnæus ; and here he and Thuuberg prosecuted their botanical
studies. . 1 1 - , *
440. The botanic garden o f Christiania (fig. 133.) was founded m 1812, and laid out
hy that distinguished traveller, and botanist, M. Holboil. A catalogue of the plants was
published by J . Rathke in 1823.
F t. ‘¿0 0 20 40 60 80
1, Museum, with tlie houses o f th e d em o n strato r-o f hotany
an d th e gardeners.
2, P a rterre of fiowers an d orn amen ta l slirubs. The walks
fo rm in g the letters F. R.
3, Greenhouse, dry-stove, a n d conservatory. Tho la tte r
constructed with double windows, a t th e suggestion o t M.
Siebke, ttie gardener, in order to ren d e r th e covering witb
le o f n o t ex cluding the
1, light. Comi........
losed to th e south.
5, Terrac e an d
6, Com partment for an n u al a n d b ien n ial flowers.
7, Compartment for perennials. , ■ .u
8, Com partment for p lants used >n ag riculture, an d in the
a rts a n d manufactures.
0, Com partment for young f ru it an d forest trees, an d slirubs.
10, Pom arium.
11, Arboretum.
12, Aquarium.
15, Different species of trees an d shrubs.
14, Smaller gates.
15, Main entrance.
441. The botanic garden o fth e university o f Lund (Jig. 134.) was foutaed in the fli-st
half of the eighteenth centmy. Its professors and directors have been Andrew ladbcck,
A. J . Ketzius, and the distinguished C. A. Agardh. The gardener in 1826 was U J .
N. Moi-ch, bnt in 1833 it was M. Lundbuz. The garden contains about two and a halt
English a c re s: the soil is a mixtm-e of graveUy clay and moiild-, and the smtiice is
somewhat irregular. I t has heen remarked that the box tree thrives ta re remai-kably
woU, there being hedges of that shrub upwards of six feet high. The te n ta r plants
are said to thrive ta re better than in the garden at Copenhagen. The heitaccous
plants are arranged according to Erofessor Agai-dh’s Aptwrmm P l a n t a r , each gcm.s
being planted by itself. There ai-c a good many species of trees and shrubs, though but