native tree, above the mUUllesize, the timber of which is of con-
tiilerable value. It thrives best in dry sandy loams. It is of Kriiliar beauty in »pring when in flower, in August when in
uit, and In autumn when its leaves change to a beautiful red
and yellow. Its timber is chiefly used by the eabinet-niaker
and chair-makcr ; it is prone to break out in the turning.
<>144. 2'he Scotch Laburnum, Cijltsus alpinus W. on.
(?iof. Nfai/. t. 170.) ; Diadélph. Decán. L. and Leguminbsce J.
It is a tree- about 30 ft. high, a native of Switzerland, cuU
tivated clnefly for ornament, but affording also a valuable
timber. For this purpose the species (C. alpiiuia) with broad
loaves and long racemes is decidedly to be ¡ireferrcd to the C.
Lablirnum, which rarely exceeds 16 ft. in height.
6145. Use. The timber (the false ebony of the Fi'ench) is
much prized by cabinet-makers and turners, for its hardr.oss,
beauty of grain, and durability. Tho tree is frequently sown
in plantations infested with hares aud rabbits, who will' touch
no othcrtreeasloiigasa twig of Inburmim remains. “ Thougb
eaten to the ground in wintor,” a.s Boiitclier observes, “ it wilt
spring again next season, and thus aflord a constant supply for
tlicse animals, so as to save the other trees till of a size to resist
tlieir attacks. Tho timber has heen sold for upwards of half a
sovereign per foot.” It becomes most valuable in light loams
and sandy soils.
6140. 2'ke 7/0%is thelVc.r A</wíyó/t«ní L. (Eng. liot. 496.);
1‘enl. Monog. I., and Cclastrincm .J. Jioux, Fr. ; Stechbaum,
Ger. ; lloiUsl, Dutch; AQrijbiiUo,ltn\. Itis an elegant, shining,
evergreen tree, rising from 20 ft. to 30 ft. high, affording
a timber of considerable value, and much iu use as an ornamental
hedge plant. It is a native of Britain, of great longevity,
and found growing in woods and forests, as an undergrowth
to the oak, beech, ash, and flr. It thrives best in a free
deep loom, rather light, as in Ncedwood Forest, in Statford-
shiro, and the lir-forest of Biackliall, near Aberdeen. It is a
cliccrful-looking treo from its shining leaves and coral berries,
and peculiarly lit for ornament.
6147. Use. Tho timber, wliich Isas white as ivory, is chiefly
1180(1 in inlaying and veneering, and by turners and matliema-
tical-instriimeiit makers. The straight shoots, of 5 ft. and
6 ft. in length, make excellent coachmen’s whips. Birdlime
is Tiiado from the bark by washingand separation of the woody
fibre. Slic i> and deer oat the crojijiings. It is the best of all
hedge plants. It thrives best in cold loamy soils, and rather
shelturcd situations.
fruit, where the soil is tolerable, is worth something, and
excellent charcoal is made from the larger wood.
6149. 2'he. Box Tree (Bifaiaj sempervirens L. (Enn. Jiot.
t. 13-U.) ; Monce'c. Tetrdn. I.. and'EiipAoi'iiicete.I. B«is,Fr.;
Buchsbnum, Qer. i 1‘almboom, Dutch; andDoso5o, Ital.) has
some claims to attention as a valuable timber, being in considerable
demand for inlaying, turnery, raatbcmaticnl instni-
nionts, and, above all, for wood-engravers’ blocks. It thrives in
any light soii aud under the drip oftrees. Raised from the seed
it will attain the hoight of 20 ft. or 25 ft., and be fit to cut
down in thirty years. (Miller’s Diet, in loco.) As au ornamental
undergrowth and edging plant, it is of ilie greaU-st
value. (Soe«nrd,Afaér., vol. ixtop 91. 722.) ^
6150. 2VieJi/<iej-2Vce(Sa7?i6kcui«V>-a),alrcadytreatcaofa8
a lruit tree (4.538,), forma an excellent nursc-plant in exposed
situations, and a rapid hedge in most places. The wood is very
hard, und used by the toy-makers and turners.
6151. The IJavthorn, Cratæ'gus Oxyacdntha (Eng. Bot.
t. 20o4.) ; Icos. DUPentag. I,, and Rosilccoe J. Aubépine, Fr. ;
Ilagcdorn, Gor. ; Bianco spino, Ital. It is a native tree, of great
Importance as a hedge plant, and is also frequently iiitrorUiccd
into narrow plantations as an undergrowth. Itwill not grow,
however, under the drip of taller trees, and therefore, in a iiro-
fltable ¡ioint of view, is only to bo considered as afforiling the
impermeable, close, durable, and easily raised fences, called
quickseUhcdgos. The timber of such plants as grow singly
and attain a tolerable size is valued by the millwright and
mrner, and the roots by tho cabiiict-maker. It is often sjiotlcd,
SangobscrvQs, through inattention aftercutting: if it be allowed
to he in entire logs or trunks, it soon heats, and becomes quite
brittle and worthless; it therefore ouglit to bo instantly cut up
into planks, and laid to dry. The haws and foliage afford excellent
food for deer, ^
6152. Soil and site. It will not thrive I» a wot soil, nor one
very dry and poor, much elevated or much shaded ; a free deep
loam in an airy situation suits it best. For hedges it may bo
raised from cuttings of the roots, planted whorethey are finally
to remain. Such cuttings arc only to be procured in quantities
where an old hedge is to be removed, and the labour of selecting
and preparing them falls littlo short of the price of good
two-year seedling plants; so that, unless in a season when
thoni-plaiits are scarce and dear, few advantages attend this
practice.
6155. Other sjiecies of thorn. InoaTlIoriusBritannicusyyiW
be lound uinvards of fifty species pecios and variolic
variolies, plauts of
of wliich may he ¡irocurcd in most of the Brit
1
Most of fliese may bo described a
. _______ urseries.
geiiorulforinoftliot
of great beauty, from the
tan c.arly peculiar and
general form of tlio tree assuming at an early age a pe'ciii
marked chara«er, from tlie ¡>rofusion of blossoms, generally
.......— , ------ ...OT ,...itusion of goii'"
fragrant, and from the yellow or coral-coloured fruit.
6154. The Yew is the Tdictts baccàta L. (Eng. Bot. 746.) ;
Polyg. Monce'c. L. and Ttia-accfe Liiull. If, Fr. ; Eihen-
bauin, Ger. ; Ibenboom, Dutch ; and Tasso, Ital. It is a low,
bush-like, dark, evergreen tree, of great longevity, slow in
growth, ftiidaffordingahard, white, valuable timber Itflowcrs
in April and May, and its berries aro rqie in November. It ia
found in a wild state in bleak situations, and on a variety of
soils, dry and moist. It is very common in ancient churchyards,
i " ’ . . .
other hard woods, and every one knows it was formerly used for
bows, and the sjiray as ¡jalm-Ieavcs hy the ancient Christians.
It forms oneof the best hedge plants for gardens, topiary work,
&c., and for this i>ur)>ose was much employed when the geometric
style of gardi-ning jirevailod.
6166. SoU and situation. Almost any soil, not over wet will
suit the yew, and it will grow on the bleak sides of mountains,
and under the driji of trees
S e c t . III. Soft-wooded Trees.
(51.57. Tf/c soff-wpoded timhcr-trees may be considered as characterised by great raniditv of growth
comparatively limited duration, and timber of inferior value. > s rupuuty oi ferowtn,
6153. The Horsechestnut (JFIseulus llippocdsU........
(Schmidt Arb. 1. t. 58.) ; HepWind. Monog. L. and Ilippocns-
..................................... Inde,Vr.',M-......- ............ - - ' ........
abounds among the d ihm of granite and trap rocks; and iu
Russia It covers extensive tracts of deep, soft, black cartli. Iu
bleak situations, where it i.s not covered by snow in winter at
the roots, or sheltered by other trees, it will not thrive.
n.A i - u a i n h s a W. (Eug. Dot. 1506.);
'itileccc is a middle-sized iia-
grcat va'ue,cither as timber
fd>iete J. Mam'onier d’fnde, Fr. ; Marrontenbaum, Ger.^;'lFiWe
karstengcboom, Dutch ; and A/aivoiiC, Ital.) is a magnificent
and beautiful tree, when in May it is covered with its digitate
foliage, and fine large s;nkes of white flowers. It is of raiiid
growth, and speedily produces a considerable hulk of timber,
wliicli, however, is of no great value. Being highly ornamental
as a single tree, and in tho outskirts of ¡jlaiitations, it need
never be planted iu masses for timber. There arc some species
and varieties highly ornamental.
6169. SoU and situation. It requires a good, rathor dry
soil, and suffers materially from storms of every kind when
planted in exposed situations. It ivas formerly raueh used as
an avenue tree, especially hy tho Freneb, and is particularly
adapted for this purpose, and the margins of plantations. It
will thrive under the shade of high trees, and forms a very
ornamental object in the boundaries of plantations.
Ger.; Lindeboom. Dutch; nnd Tiglio, Ital. These are the
M Y t iK fV o “ £ t o T t . f c : , .X £ . i ‘s
May, tlirongh June, and in*~ ’ ...........■ - ' . . .
Bpariiigly unless nndcr favou
6161. Use. Tho limo tro.
for its shade, and the_inulii;ilicity of ¡)uri>e
6164. The Alder (Minus o ••
Afonce'c. 'I'elrdnd. L. aud »djncKiileecc J.)
tivo aquatic tree, of no great value, cith.
ment, farther than that it will grow where few otlier trees will
tlirive, except the birch, poplar, and willow. It (lowers in Mav,
and ripens its sceds in Se|.tomber and October. There are
somo species very ornamental.
6166. Use. The timber ia used in water-works, and by the
turner, millwright, lastmakers, and others, as well as for common
country jmrposos, and eliarcnal.
6166. The Poplar, Vdpulus W. ; Dioe'cia Dodec. L. and
Amenmeoe 3. Peuplier, Fr. ; Popipelbaum, Ger. ; J’opulter-
boopi, Dutch ; and Fopi>io. Ital. There arc several spceies
winch may be reckoned tinibor trees.
6167. The Abele Tree, P. dlba (Eng. Bot. 1618.) ( Hg. 97i).n).
1 he variety of this species called the hoary poplar Is distin-
giiishcil from the common wild abcle by its larger, three, four,
!lvc-lobed leaves, dark Ilnrr vl.roros- l\n,.!..roro ..a..b..o1v- ei _a_nid. do_w_ny tind er, aind by
Id- into July.rmid ripo.rs^feC ui,ni^i] !
le October. . and j.roducliig a great balk orti^^bofeih, a s lw t time ( f ^
10 trae li as much valued by tho Romans I Gard A/iij-/., vol. iv, pp. 185. 190. 266 • vol vi n 419 5
....... J 'h eC om n /h la c kP o pm ^ ^
(pg. ,179. b) IS a native tree, of lofty growth, distinguished hy
Its liglit-green leaves, slightly notched on the edges, and ash-
coloured hark. It is, by somc, considered a mere variety of
'A efe’ Ora (lurposes of profit may be so considered.
6169. 2he Trembling Poplar (P. irdmula) (fg. 979. e) and
It.hreo lrC.o.. mroTm oIrno- P- o-.p-l..a¡.rI (_P_. _ca-nI.i s*cIc_n_sT) (d) arc hardy native.s; but.’
--.— ...rt...... eAOTeiii'jiOT ( for gunpowder; and of its inner hark, macerated in wi
fbrnicd, in the north of Europe, the bast mats of commerce.
J. Ins bark is called, in Sweden and Russia, bast, whence bv
corruinion, bass. It is the fittest of all frees for avenues, and
forms good trco-Iiodges. The famous Kowno honey is made
exclusively from the blossom ofthis tree.
6162. Varieties and species. There
being of less rapid growth than the species mentioned, rt
little cuitivatcd as timber trees. The common poplar in tho
nortliern counties may bo frequently seen in a pollard state in
hedges, where it furnishes lop for fuel, and sometimes for
’......" " *- hay-rakes, &c.
diilous ilowers.
6105. Soil and silunfion,
and rather sheltered siluntioii; for, ihough palientofcoid they
are much injured hy slonns. In Sweden, the common »pe ' ■
;................... ..„..OTOT Germany, 1.ot.,.o .....
by rows of this ¡loplar ¡ilaccd about 1 ft. apart, which s
torm an impoiictrahlr fence, a lofty shelter, ami an ample
supply of timber for ordimiry purposes, and for fuel. In
twenty or tw enty-Iivc yews, the trees are cut down and their
979
Only the male of this spooics
cuttings or truncheons,
be in England.
- -OT . idésca) of ■
OT.n nurseries, is strongly recommended by Pontey ........
more rapid growth tfian tho Lombardy, and as producing a
superior description of timber. He. mentions a treo at Hud-
dcraflchl, which, at twenty-five years’ growth, contained 40 ft.
of timber. At Milford House, a tree of thl8 siiceies, nine
years old, has attained the height of .50 ft. (Gard. Mag.,
vol.ix. p. 481. Sec also vol. iii. p. 409.)
6172. The Black Alhtnian (P. grai'ea), Black American
Bireh-lcavcd (P. belulijblia), the Canadian (P. monilijtra),
■ " ’ w tP. anguldla), are all ra])id-growing
and Carolina Popla.
lofty trees, which, in favourable __ ______________ soils and sheltered ______ ________
slluatuins.
speedily ¡»roiluce great bulk of head and timber (see Gard
Mag., vol. iiit.. pp.. 441K0 .—); i mt t'h e ‘h oary and.. ..t.l.i..e. ..h...l.a..c..k.. ..I..t.a..l.ian
■ the best for tthhee general pur;)oses of the profitable
all short-lived trees; flower in March
and April, a
afterwards.
6173. Use. The wood, being soft, is used b ythe sculptor,
tanner, and toymaker, and also occasionally by the cabinet and
musical-iiistruiricnt maker, as a substitute for that of the lime.
But 110 limited application of ¡xijilar timber, like tho above,
can be depended on by the profitable planter, and, therefore,
tho safest way is to consider it as useful for the common purposes
of domestic and rural economy, and more likely to afford
profit from hulk than quantity. The bark of the black is so
astringent, Sang states, as to be used for tan. Alluding to tho
black Italian sort, Pontey says, “ in that sort of planting
which may ¡»rhaps be considered as most of all profltable,
namely, that which adds to the comfort and cousequenco, and,
of course, tho value, of a place, previously scantily furnished
with that Important appendage, wood, this tree is excellent ;
as, in judicious hands, it may be made to produce very considerable
effects, while many others (highly esteemed) would
produce them in prospect only. In short, lor distant scenery,
where wood, not species, is the immediate object, this plant,
liitherto in many places a stranger, is clearly su)>erior to all the
family of tlie forest.” Of the timber of the hoary ¡loiilar, he
says. Lord Shofileld“ has lately made some floors, which, lu
ai)i>oarance, aro superior to any floor I have seen, whether of
deal or oak ; and, as to durability, I see no reason to doubt of
tliat, if tho density and weight of the article be considered, in
connection with such testimonies as books afford relative to the
point. Floors, however,are only oneof theinany inferior purposes
for which it is applieahle ; as it is certainly ¡»roper for
almost every article of fiirnituro usually made of mahogany.
For the lighter descriptions of it, now so fashionable, it may bo
made a very good substitute, without any other addition to
the natural colour ofits heart than the means cabinet-makers
generaily resort to, in order to heighten the colour of such
wood ; and with respect to the sap, and where more of colour
is required, the aquafortis stain will instantaneously protlucc
it, so far as that It would be difflenlt to distinguish it from
real mahogany. Indeed, It is equal to the best in colour and
smoothness of surface, and much superior to the ¡ilain or inferior
sorts in those respects, as well as in fraiispareiiey and
variety ; and it has tho farther advantage over mahogany, and
most other woods, that it takes but little of oil or rubbing, to
produce upon it the sort of mellow shining surface so much
admired iu furniture that has hoen some years subiected to
pro¡)er attention.” Of poplars and willows in general, he observes,
“ were wo but half as well apprised of the various
¡»uiqioscs to which their timber might he properly at>iilicd, as
we are of tho (juickiiess of their growth, I am persuaded they
would theu be considered as subjects worthy of general atten-
6Ì74. Natural soil and situation. None of the sorts men-
tioned are ever found wild in very poor soils, but genei-ally in
such as are deep and moist, but not springy; by rivers and
in bottoms, where tho soil has accumulated from tho surrounding
heights, or alluvial deposits have taken place, for
ages, poplars are found in the greatest perfection.
6175. The Willow, Sàlix L.; Dia'c. Mondn. L. andàiacii-
iàccaeS. 5o«/«, Fr. ; )i'etde»U-a«m, Gcr. ; .SaWce, Ital, There
are two species which seem more immediately to merit cultivation
as timher trees, and several as fit for cultivating in
osier-grounds.
6176. The HuntingdonoT Common White Lincolnshire Swal-
low-taiUd llVHoie (S. d/in) (Eng. Bot. 2450.) (jig. 980.) grows
to a lofty tree, with a hrancliy stem, ami tapering (larae-
slia;>cd head. It seems common to Europe, being found pol-
hvrdod by way-sides in Sweden, the south of Russia, nnd Italy.
As a timber tree, it ¡»roduces a gieat bulk in a short time ; aud
as ¡jollard or coppicc-wood, on suitable soils, it is pr.iliftc in
fuel, poles, and biU'k for the tanner- The advantages of ¡ilantg
this tree, even in the poorest soils, have been ably pointed
It by Mr, Gorrie. (Gard. Mag., vol. i. p. 44.)
6177. The Upland or Ked-■twtwigigggeedd WWiillllooww ooff IPontey (Profit,
t., p, 72.) appears to bo a variety of the S. álba, being iiis-
nguished from it by its hoary or silver-likc leaves, ancl deep •d sshhoo'»o*ts". nT'vh.reo t*i:-mOTb.i.reor-. n«-n.d.i m—ode -ocf grow -tht .a_p__pe ar to be the.
OT„.ae as those of tho Huntingdon willow; but, being of slower
growth, the former is to be preferred. Of the red-twigged
willow of Sang, there are large trees near Dunfcrmluie, upwards
of 60ft. high.
6178. The Secl/ord Willow (S. Pusseliiina') (Eng. Bot. 1808.)
(fig. 981.) is also a lofty bulky-headed tree, in general appear,
ance and habits very much resembling the S. ¿Iba.
6179. Use. Willow timber may bo used gencrallj in rural
economy, and the ¡>oles form light and convenient hurdles.
Pontey says, the timber is “ considerably durable; a ¡»ropcriy
which, it aiipears, may be much augmented by steeping somo
.............................. " ------- "th oak saplini "
- ............. rt - ..........I to
generally useji hy tann<
. The best willows fior r-grounds arc the follow-
1C,..- ■ » (