fe '1
i il;
PLOÍVER-GAKDEN. SriRUEBERT.
Among the flowers, the crocus*, seitla*,
some hyacintlis *, and crown-impe-
rials*, and also tho primrose * and
polTOiitluis aro in bloom in tlic latter
half 01 the month ; /axifraga oppositi-
fòlìa* among tlie alpinos ; and Kiola
odoràta * In a warm border, or on
rockwork; /axifraga retiàsa, Chryso-
splènmm oppositifòlium, alternifòi.
Tiie hyacinth *, narcissus *, auricula *,
and polyanthus*, four of tlie best
spring flowers, are in porfcetion in tho
reurse of tliis month. Also, tho scilla,
fritillaria *, wallflower *, daisy * ;
Pulmonària ofllcinàiis, Omplialòdes
vérna *, various saxifrages, and other
alpines. For an onumeratiou of
many of these, seo the lists of perennial
border plants, and bulbous-rootcd
plants which flower in April, 6 5467.
aud 5478.
Somc pines, poplars, and willows* show
their catkins; the sloe*, cornelian
cherry*, mezeroon* different varieties,
Dàpline póntica and collina, tlic
Lonicem nigra*, and rosemary, in
flovi'or.
Tlic ringdove begins to coo in the first
week.
- A PR IL .--
Most of tho wild fruit trcos, as crabs *,
pears*, cherries*, and their allied
species, are now in flower ; most of
the willows, birches, elms, and oaks
show their catkins. Among shrubs,
the honeysuckle, somc robinias *, andromedas
*, daphnes, ericas*, and
Xanthorhiza npiifolia are in flower.
Most of the British summer birds of passage
arrive during this month. For
dates of, and remarks on, tlie arrival of
o„rfo it h„enm roi n 51-r8c3 3’, see Mag. Nat
The auricula-stage still a fine object in
the first week ; and the polyaiithi nar-
cUsi are not yet over. Tho collections
of tulips*, anemones*, and paionies*,
in full beauty from tho middle ofthe
month. Many showy hcrbaeeousplants,
as /làtice *, Lychnis *, Bhlóx *, See.,
coming into flower. Among the aquatics,
Hottòin'a palùstris, and Banùn-
culus aquàtilis*.
Hi$t., vol. tU. p. 538. ’
-M A Y . -
noTuoirsE department.
In the greenhouse, some camellias* still
111 flower ; numerous heatlis * in great
foiauty ; also Alètris *, Lachenàiia *,
O’xaiis *, some Oeraiiiàcea! *, and
above a dozen other genera.
In tho stove, some Scitamineie and bulbs ;
Solandra grandiflòra. Eugènia, and
Justicia.
Forced articles as before.
In the orccn/ioKse, above thirty species of
Frmàce»*, and nearly as manyof the
r xia * family, with Lachenàh’a, O'x-
*’crf h'*’ other genera,
In the sioee, Dracie'na*, Bromèlia*,
Ktempfèna, Stapèlia, and some bulbs,
in flower. '
Abundance of forced articles, including
‘•'■‘“ run, ta..
The horsechestnut*, hawthorn*, sorbus
*, mespilus*, and snowdrop tree*,
in great beauty. Among the American
shrubs, sevcrai species of Magnòlia*.
Azalea*, Kálmia*, Andrómeda, Sec.,
and, among common shrubs, the lilac*,
/pirai'a*. Guelder rose*, honeysuckle
*, the cinnamon, Scotch, bur-
net-Ieaveil, and monthlv roses.
Most of the singing-birds'in full note.
cuius *, Z'ris Aiphium* and xiphio-
ides, and of tbe hardy Gladioli * and
Bxiffi, ill fuU beauty. Assortments of
pink* and swcctwilliam* kl flower
towards the end of the month ; also
//emerocàllis *, Aquilègia *, Campànula
*, Verónica *, and many showy
herbaceous perennials; some biennials,
as Agrostémma, Alyssum*, &c. ; annuals,
as Grèpis, sñéne ; aquatics, as
Bùtomus*, Hydróeharis, Potamogè-
ton ; Fìola, /axífraga », and various
alpmes. Heartseases are now in their
greatest beauty,
The chief flowers of this month ....
the pink * and carnation » ; the white
martagón * and the tiger lilies * : the
Brompton stock*, larkspur*, lupines,
and other biennials and annuals.
More herbaceous plants are now in
flower than in any other montli, as
Chelòne *, i)elphfnium *, Bictàm-
nus *, Gentiàna *, /làtice *, Bhlóx *.
Silène*, /àlvia, Ferdnica,/axífraga,
&c. Themost showy of the aquatics,
as Vymphæ'a*, Mùpfiar*, Villàrsia*.
Alisma, Cálla, /tratiòtes, Afyosòtis*,
Polygonum amphibium, &c., are now
in flower, and various alpines; and
several varieties of Dàlilia variàbilis.
- JU N E ..
The Urne, laburnum, and fringe tree *,
m flower ; towards the middle of the
month a number of the roses * ; of
Americans*. Andrómeda, Magnòlia,
/ìhododéndron máximum and pónti-
cura, Azàlea, &c. Of common shrubs,
Cistus *, Hellántliemum, Brìca, dog.
cweoroad, ,& eCl.d er, Cytisus., /pr i ræ'aOT,, LUo n1iThe
goatsucker or fern-owl (Caprimúl-
gus europoe'us), heard iu the evenings
ot the first week : it is sometimes heard
as early as tbe middlo of May. Most
smgmg-birds leave off singing about
the end of the month.
JU L Y .-
r-I“ ?, Oreenhoi^e, a fine display of
Aricàrece*,Pxi£6*, and Gladioli*. Also
se r r a i Felargònia, /àlviai.Pròtcre, See.
In the stove, Passiflòra racemósa *, and
other species; Justicia, Helicònia,
and various genera.
From the forcing department, pelargo.
niums and other greenhouse plants,
hydrangeas*, balsams*, and otheé
tender annuals.
tn the greenhouse, chiefly tender annuals
from the reserve-garden; the
proper inhabitants being in the open
garden, and there the heaths, Gerani-
aceae. Citrus tribe*, Dìósm®, Pròle®,
&c., in great beauty.
Ill the stove, Amaryilis *, and other
bulbs, aloe, piper, and other succulceensttrsu;
meu. genias, epidendrums, cassia, See.
The pits fllled witli tender annuals or
other plants, in the course of propagation
and rearing. ^
The tuhp tree *, Magnòlia*, Kàlmia*,
Andrómeda *, Azàlea *, Brìca * several
sorts, and some rhododendrons *,
and other American or peat-carth
shrubs in flower. Among the commoner
sort, the roses* are now in fuU
splendour. The white jasmine*, honeysuckles
*, Clematis*, /p.àrtium,
Gledítschía triacànthos, Cistus, i ò -
rium, and a great variety of others of
less note.
bhowy butterflies and moths appear ir
the beginning, and tbe large dragonfly
towards tlio end, of the mouth.
Tho chief flowers of this month are
the liollyhocks*, pyramidal bell-flowers
*, lobelias, annua! stocks*, and
the poppies*, with iilium canadénse*
and four other American species.
Numerous herbaceous plants aro now
in flower that flrst appear in July,
and A’ster * various species, As-
tràntla, Heliànthus, Narthècium *
ossifragum, and numerous others, first
bloom in this month. Among the
aquatics may be mentioned Lobèlia
Dortmàniia*, Càlla palùstris and several
species of Fotamogèton.
- AUGUST. -
Scarcely any trees aro now in bloom ;
but of American shrubs there .ire
various sorts of Azàlea*, Clèthra*
and Magnòlia*, in perfection ; and of
select common shrubs, the //ibiscus*
with Its numerous and beautiful va-
rie^s._ The rose*, the honeysuckle*,
yellowjasminc*, Clématis*, /pirai'a*
and dwarf Pàvia, form a greater show
in the shrubbery aud rosery than in
any other month.
Robin-redbreast (Jfo tac illa Bubécula)
Mugs ab o u t th e last week ; and b u tte r:
Mies, moHis, an d dragon-flies abound
d u rin g th e whole m onth.
The florists’ flowers of this month are
the dahlias*, which flower also, when
excited by artificial heat previously to
planting in tho open ground, in Julv
and August; but planted in the usual
iray are now in perfection. Among
the bulbs there are tho A'cis autum-
nàhs *, /iarcissus serótinus *, and
/cilia autumnàlis ; the China aster, in
all its varieties, is now In perfection.
Among the herbaceous perennials,
A'ster*, Solidàgo, Heliànthus, Gen.
tidna *, Bhlóx *, and Asphódelus are
the chief sorts.
- SEPTEMBER. -
ro..OT 1« now fllled with tender
annuals, as balsams, globe-amaran-
thus, cock’s-combs, ice-plants. sensitive
mimosas, &c., and probably with s<
ot the stove plants.
In the open air, tho Geraniàceoe will be
m great beauty, and also Brica*, Me-
¿mbryànthemum*, Melaleùca*, Metrosidèros*,
Pròtea, and numerous
other genera,
There are numerous stove plants now in
flower as Canna*, Poivrea, Passiflora,
Nelamlaum, Gloriósa*, AmarvU
hs*, B an^àtium, Câctus, B’upliórbm,
¿y rtu s , Ipomoe'a*, Justiciu, &c.
I ho reserve hothouses as before.
The greenhouse as before. In the open
flower.'"“'’'"'''“ "’ ft
r fw e ,A s c l5pias, Convdlvulus*,
flA f Passi-
’T o S .r iitfe “ ta.-
Araha spmhsa, some azaleas *, and
kalmias *, Lord Macartney’s rose, and
¿offie r rose or two. are in flower
during tlie greater part of this month,
But the chief ornament of the shrub-
a ^ * , Kibiirnum*, Crfatt®te 'gmi *o,u nPtyarina--
cantha*, Siberian crabs *, sorb * Lo
nicer«, apple, rose *, elder, &c.
Spiders, flies, and insects of all kinds,
vcry-nunrerous; few birds in song
but the fieldfare arrives about the
end of the month.
The greenkowe_ plants, generally, returned
to their winter habitation in
course of this month ; some lieaths *
There are not many sioue plants in flower
at this srason; Amaryllis*, passi-
S i o ? e i ®"«uicnts may be
Tender annuals supplied from the forcing
department of tlie reserve garden
for decorating the plant cabinft; con
servatory, or drawing-room.
OCTOBER.
FLOWER-GARDEN.
The principal flowers of this month are
the Chinese chrysanthemums*, some
of tho hardier of wliich will now flower
in the open air, and tlie others under a
glass case or in the greenhouse; the
Cólchicum * autumnàle, Cròcus, Cyclamen
europoe'um*, and Sternbérgia
lùtea *. The principal lierbaceous
plants are A'ster, Solidàgo*, Heliàn
thus, Heliópsis, Coreópsis, Actinóme-
ris, Folÿmnla, Gentiàna*, and some
other genera.
SHRUBBERY,
A'rbutus C'nedo* is the only beautiful
shrub in flower, and also in fruit, at
this season, Gordônta, Bhàmnua, Bàc-
charis, Clématis, and thecommon ivy,
are also iu flower,
The increasing coolness of the weather
conduces to the retreat ofa considerable
proportion of the insects. Flies of various
species, and tho Eristalis tènax,
which much resembles a drone bee, are
very abundant in sunny days upon tho
flowers of the autumnal-flowering
Compôsitæ.
HOTHOUSE DEPARTMENT.
Any spare room in the greenhouse is
now occupied with chrysanthemnms»,
and some dahlias raised in pots, and
placed out of the reach of frost, to
prolong thcir bloom. A few ericas *,
/tdtice, and pelargoniums still in
bloom.
In the stove, Finca *, Stap61ia *, Re-
nanth^ra, and a few otliers.
The reserve pits in preparation for fore
ing bulbs and roses.
-N O V EM B E R AND DECEMBER
The remains of last month in greater or
less beauty, according to tho weather,
and, perhaps, a few plants unnaturally
in bloom.
In the mild and humid winter of 1821,
when this page of the flrst edition of
thiswork passed througli tlioprcss there
were in bloom, in many gardens about
London, stocks of several sorts, larkspurs,
violets, Indian pinks, pot-mari-
golds, polyanthuses, primroses, gentians,
monthly roses, yellow amaryllis,
daisies, and various other plants. In
the winter of 1855-4, similar plants
of tiie associations
which January induces, especially
those wliich relate to evergreens, may
he participated in (hese months. (See
under that month,)
Tlie winter birds of passage are now
a source of interest to the naturalist;
as are numerous meteorological plieno-
nieua connected with winter.
Dryàndra*, 1,’rica*, Lantàna, and camellias*,
about the middle of December,
in the greenhouse.
In theiioue, all tlie species of Strelitzia*,
also stapclias, Amaryllis*, Alètris*,
and one or two other bulbs. Astrapa'a
Wallichu. ‘
From the forcing department, hyacinths*,
Persian iris*, and other bulbs;
monthly roses*, and, about Christmas,
the Provence ro»e *, and other shrubs
and flowers, such as sweet briar, Persian
lilac, crabs of different sorts,
pinks, swectwilliams, &c.
B O O K V .
THE PKACTICE OP ARBORICCLTÜEE, OR THE PLANTING OE TREES.
5706. A TREE is an object which has at all periods been held in a cei-tain degree of
admiration by mankind, from its grandeur, its beauty, and its use: a few trees have
accordingly been associated with the dwellings of civilised nations in every country.
The Persians, Greeks, and Romans were particularly attached to trees; some of their
greatest men were proud to acknowledge that they had made plantations with their owu
hands ; and fine specimens, whether planted by nature or art, were held sacred, or specially
protected. The Eomans, besides the ornamental plantations of their villas,
planted occasionally for useful purposes; they had live hedges, osier plantations, and
rows of poplars and elms as props for thefr vines. The planting of extensive tracts
for timher or fuel, however, does not appear to have been practised by them, or by any
other people, till the begmnmg of the sixteenth centm-y, when the insufficiency of the
natm-al forests, which had hitherto supplied civilised society in England with timber and
fuel, rendered planting a matter of necessity. In the centm-y succeeding, the improved
practice of agricnltm-o created a demand for hedges and strips for shelter j and the
fashion of removing from castles situated in towns or villages, to isolated dwellings
surromided by verdant sconery, led to tho extensive employment of trees both as objects
of distinction and value. For these combined purposes planting is now universally practised
: what relates to the effect of plantations, as parts of rm-al scenery, belongs to landscape
gardening i aud what relates to their use and culture is the subject at present under
consideration. We must, however, keep both objects in view, as well in contriving what
shall be most profitable, as in designing what shall be most ornamental and pictm-esque.
We shall therefore consider the uses of trees and plantations with a view both to profit
and ornament; the kinds of plantations, tlieir formation, thcir management, the formation
of a tree nursery, and the surveying and valuing of trees and plantations ; and we
shall add a catalogue of timber trees and hedge plants.
! o f
C h a p . I.
and Plantations, and the Profits attending their Culture.
5707. The purposes for which plantations are mods, may be reduced to those which
respect the actual consumption or application of the tree or shi-ub individually; and
tliose which respect their collective influence relatively to sm-roimding objects. For the
4 0 3
( t a
■ m
. 1
il
l i ?
f . ñ