liGvev
Pick
Spade
Shove!
Fork
Dibher
Planter’s h ack_
Garden-knifo
Garclen-chiscl
Pruning-bill
Forest-axe
Pruniiig-saw
Planter’s trowel
Planter’s pickaxe
Garden trowel
Transplanter
Hoe
Rake
Turf-raser
Tnrf-beetlc
Turf-soraper
tVeeder
Besom
Implcmont-oleancr
Hammer
Pincers
Fruit-^atherers
Climbing-spurs
Averruncator
Sliears
Scythe
Scarifiers
B a rk in g - iv o n s_____
Ground-compasses Staff
Borning-piccc Straij
Level Stake
fGarden-line
Of direction . ¿Ground-moasure
(T lm ^ -m o a s u r e ___________ _ __________________
{No tc iin umh e rin g -stick Name-stick
W ritten number-stick _ _
Of iireuaration / Screens Mould-scuttle
^ ¿ L d S a t i o n (sieves____________________Po_Ucar_rier____
Label
For vermin - -
Of labour - -
For vermin - -
.Forregulation -
[Barrow
(Watering engine
(Roller
f Of adaptation -
Articles - - J Of manufacture
I L Of preparation -
F-ngines of dcstmction Enginosofalarm or snares Living vermin-killers _
Registering thermometer Alarum thermometer Regulating thermometer
fTcmporary coping Garden-hnrdle Protecting bag
( Horizontal shelter
Movable edging Shoe-scraper
(Netting screen
Wall-trcc lists
1 Portable or movable
Partly movable
Fixed .
{ i s r
{The flowcr-stage
- ) Opaque covering-fra
Covering materials
Planks
Glazed frame or sash
_Glas5 case__________
Adapted frame______
Espalier rail
Musliroom-liouse
Various articles
Hothed-frame
Economical
Anomalous -
Hoad-gardener’s dwelling- Seed-room
house Fruit-room
Official or administrative Under-garder
apartment
Entrance-lodge and gate
Bnilding for raising water
’s lodge Reservoir
_ Apiary___
Boat
Sepulchre
Aviary
Gate
Fence
Prospect-tower
Temple
Porch
Portico
Arbour
.Cave
Cavern
Grotto
Roofed seat
Exposed seat
Swing
Jet or spout
Sundial
(Rocks
. X Ruins
(.Antiquities
Rat Vegetable sculptures
Inscriptions
Eyc-traps.
ClIAP. I.
J o f Gardening.
1691. The usual mechanical agents employed in garden-cidture may be classed as follows
: — 1. Tools, or simple implements for performing operations on the soil, and other
dead or mineral ma tte rs; 2. Instruments for performing operations on plants, or on
insects and vermin ; 3. Utensils for habitations of plants, or the deportation or retention
of either dead or living materials ; 4. Machines, or compound implements, for any of
the above or other purposes; and, 5. Articles adapted, manufactured, or prepared, so as
to serve various useful purposes.
Sect. I. Tools.
1692. The common character o f tools is, that they are adapted for labom- wliich re-
quu-es more force than sk ill; they are generally large, and require the use of both hands
and the muscular action of the whole frame, often aided by its gravity. Tools consist
of two parts, the head, blade or acting p a r t; and the handle or lever, by whicli the power
is communicated, and the tool put in action. As almost all tools operate by effecting a
mechanical separation between the parts of bodies, they gcneraliy act on the principle of
the wedge and lever, and consequently the wedge-shape ought to enter, more or less,
into the shape of the head or blade of most of them, and the lever or handle ought to be
of some length. Wliere the handle is intended to be grasped and held firm, its foi-m
may be adapted for tbat end, as in tbe upper termination of the handle of the shovel or
the sp ad e; but where the human hand is to slide along the handle, then it should be
perfectly cylindrical, as producing least friction, as in the hoe and the mattock. The
materials of which tools arc composed are almost exclusively iron and timber ; and of
the latter tbe ash is reckoned to combine most strength and toughness, the willow to be
lightest, and fir or pine deal the straightest. The best quality of both materials
should, if possible, be used, as scrap-iron and cast-steel, and root-cut young ash from
rocky steeps. For liglit tools, such as the hoe and the rake, willow wood, or pine deal,
may be used for the handles, but in scarcely any case can inferior iron or steel be admitted
for the blades.
1693. GarJere-Zeum arc of two species, the removing and the carrying lever. The
removing-lever (fig. 300.) is a straight, and generally cylindrical or polygonal, bar of
iron, somewhat tapered and wedge-shaped or flattened in the thick end ; it is used for
the removal of large stones or other heavy bodies, in which its advantage is as the
distance of the power (a), from the fulcrum (h), &c. 7'he carrying-lever, or handspoke,
is used in pairs for carrying tubs of plants or other bodies or materials furnished
with hooks or bearing staples, under or in which to insert the handspokes. Two
of them united to a platform of boards form tho common hand-ban'ow.
1694. The pick (fig. 301.) is a double or compound lever, and consists of tbe handle
(a), which ought to be fonncd of sound asli timber, and the head (b), wliich ought to be
made of the best u-ou, and pointed with steel. There are several varieties : the first, the
pick with the ends of the head pointed (fig. 301.), is used for loosening hard ground,
gravel, &c.; the second, or pickaxe (fig. 302.), with both ends wedge-shaped, in reversed
positions, and sharp, is used for cutting through the roots in fcUing timb er; the third,
or mattock (fig. 303.), is used chiefly for loosening hard surfiices, and for grubbing up
roots of small trees or bushes. It is sometunes called a crow, and also a gi-ubbing-axc,
hoe-axe, &c.
1695. The spade (fig. 304.) consists of two p arts; the blade, of plate-iron, and the
handle, of tougli root-cut ash timher, rather longer than the handle of the pick, but
generally about tivo feet nine inches. The blade consists of two parts ; the plate, by
which the soil is cut and carried, and the tread, wl^ch is a piece of strong iron fixed on
the upper edge of the blade, to receive the impulse of
^ the foot of tho operator. Spades arc manufactured of
different sizes, and usually with a fiat blade ; but perforated
blades (fig. 305.) arc sometimes prized, as cleaning
or freeing themselves better from earth in adhesive soils;
and scmicyliiidi-ical blades (fig. 306.), which are used by
canal-diggcrs, are preferred for the same reason, and also
as entering the soil easier, because gradually, and in
effect as if a flat spade with a pointed or shield-like
curved edge were used. Spades with curved edges or
pointed blades ai-e easiest to thrust into the earth in hard or
stiff soils, and clean themselves better, but they ai'c more
apt to leave more untouched parts (baulks) in the bottom
of tbe trench than the common square-moutiied spade.
They are the best species for new-ground work, but are
not well adapted for culture. The under-foot spade
(fig. 315.) should be made very strong, the shaft, or
handle, square, with the angles rounded off, and
strongly plated over where it is joined to the cross angle
at the top and to the blade below. The blade is about
L I. 2
315