I?
dui'ing sunshine, and sheltered diunng storms 5 and the man of taste is furnished with a
continued frame and foreground to the lateral landscapes.
The practice o f planting along the public roads m Germany is generally directed by the respective
governments o fth e difi'erent states. Almost all the roads of Bavaria and Wirtemberg are so planted.
T h e tree considered best for th e more elevated parts of the country and the poorer soils is the cherry ;
th a t for the lower and better soils is the apple. The pear, plum, chestnut, and walnut are also planted
in suitable situations ; and in some countries the white mulberry prevails, being cultivated for the sake
of its leaves for silkworms. M. Hempel, in th e Memoirs o f the Pomological Society o f Altenburg {yo\. ii.),
recommends the lime, the horsechestnut, th e oak, th e beech, the birch, th e common acacia, and the
different species of pines and firs. These he would plant in single rows, where the soil is good, and in
double rows where it Is indifferent, or the situation bleak. But he greatly prefers planting fruit trees, and
would form all public roads into avenues of sweet chestnuts, walnuts, geans, cherries, pears, apples, &c.;
or a mixture of these, according to the soil, climate, and exposure. Where it is practicable, nc would
plant a row of apples and pears next the road, and another row of chestnuts and walnuts four yards
distant from th e s e ; thus forming a sort of summer avenue on each side of the main road, to protect the
traveller from the sun and rain. In low sheltered situations, where the direction o fth e road was east
and west, he would plant walnuts, cherries, and pears on tlie north sid e; and low trees, such as apples
and mulberries (the la tte r to be pollarded for the silkworm), on th e south side, so as not impeding the
sun’s rays from drying th e roads after rain. This enthusiastic pomologist would even tu rn the field-
hedges into sources of fruit. Where hawthorn hedges already exist, he would cut them down, and graft
th e ir roots erUre deux tcrres (a few inches under ground), with pears and services: on the sloe ho would
grail plums of different so rts ; crab-tree hedges he would tu rn into hedges of good sorts of apples; and
where hedges were to be planted ab origine, he would oblige, under a severe penalty, all proprietors and
occupiers of land to use the commoner sorts of plums. But in certain situations he would, however,
admit of the elder, filbert, sorbus, and other fruit-bearing shrubs, provided circumstances were unsuitable
for plums and pears. As hedges for sheltering gardens, he will allow of nothing but espaliers of
fruit trees, or fruit shrubs on beds, or double rows of raspberries. {Gard. Mag., vol. ii. p. 347.)
397. Hedges, though not general in Germany, are used on the Rhine aud in Holstein;
the plants are generally hawthorn, but sometimes hornbeam, or a mixture of native
shnibs. Hungary is the most backward province in respect to planting and hedges, as
well as to every thing else. A hedge there is rare ; and there are scai*cely any public
avenues beyond Presburg. Existing woods arc subjected to a sort of management, for
the sake of the fuel they afford, and for their produce in timber and charcoal for the
mines.
S u b s e c t . 5. German Gardening, as empirically practised.
398. The use o f gardens is as general in the best districts of Gennany as in England ;
but in Hungary and some parts of Bohemia, Gallicia, and Prussia, many of the lower
orders are without them, or, if permitted to enclose a few yards of ground near their
wooden hovels, they seem too indolent and indifferent, or too much oppressed by the
exactions of their landlords, to do so. The cabbage tribe, and chieily red borecole, and
the potato, ai-e the universal plants in the cottage gardens of Germany; but lettuces,
peas, onions, and turnips, with some other sorts, and the common fniit trees, are introduced
in some districts. Flowers arc not very general, but the rose, thyme, and
mint arc to be seen in many places, and a variety of ornamental plants in the better sort
of cottage gardens. Farmers’ gardens, as in most countries, are a little larger than
those of the lowest class of cottagers; but inferior, in point of order and neatness, to
that of the man who lives in his own cottage. Tlie gardens of the hereditary families
are not, in general, much attended to : their appearance is too fi-equently that of neglect
and disorder. Cabbages, potatoes, apples, and pears, and perhaps a few onions, are
the produce expected from th em : these are cultivated by a seiwant, not always a
gai’dener, and who has generally domestic occupations to perform for the family. It
will readily be imagined that, in such an extensive country, there ai*c innumerable
exceptions; in these, the gardens ai'c better an-anged, and the produce of a more varied
description. Next to the gardens of the princes or rulers, the best are tliose of the
wealthy bankers and citizens. These arc richly stocked with fniit trees, generally
contain hothouses, and are liberally kept up. Some of them contain collections of
exotics.
399. There are very few good gardens in Hungary: that of Prince Esterhazy, the
greatest proprietor of that countiy, is extensive, abounds in hothouses, and contains a
veiy full coUection of plants. The prince has an English gardener, whom he sends
occasionally to this countiy to collect whatever is new. The German princes and
rulers are in general attached to gardens, and have veiy considerable ones at their
principal residences : some of these have been mentioned, and various others miglit be
added. These gardens are under the direction of intelligent men, who, in general, have
spent part of their time in botanic gardens; and, in many cases, have studied or practised
in Holland, or in the Paris gardens.
400. There are market-gardens and nurseries near most large towns ; and most of the
court gardens and horticultural societies have also establishments for the propagation of
fruit and forest trees, for planting along the public roads, and also for sale.
401. The market-gardens round Vienna are numerous, and great abundance of common
vegetables and hardy fruits arc grown in them; but they arc without Avails, and,
indeed, look more like fields than gardens. The apricot ripens on standards, but the
peach is seldom cultivated.
402. The vegetable market at Munich is Avell supplied, and at remarkably cheap rates.
The principal articles, in November, 1828, Averc, white and red cabbage, white and red
kohl-rabi, white and red borecoles, and a few cauliflowers. No green legumes, but
abundance of dry kidncybeans, lentils, and peas ; potatoes of three or four dilfcrcnt
sorts, long carrot-shaped Avhite turnips, rutalxiga, and the Tcltowcr riibcn, here very
black skinned, and known as the Bavai-ian rüben ; carrots, parsneps, salsify, scorzonera,
beet, black and red radishes, and horseradish ; spinadi, common and French son-cl,
onions of different sorts, leeks, garlic, sliallots, chives, &c. ; lettuce and blanched endive
in immense quantities ; common and Hamburgh parsley, turnip-rooted celery, sage,
.rue, thyme, marjoram, winter savoiy, and dried bay leaves. The fruits were chiefly
apples and peai-s, the production of the country; and, next, grapes brought from the Tyrol
and tho Rhine ; an immense quantity of quetsche plums ; medlars, quinces, and even
some peaches and pomegranates ; Avalnuts, chestnuts, dried peai-s, plums, and cherries ;
elderberries, whieh arc dressed along with the quetsche plums ; berberries, for colouring
vinegar ; privct-berries, and sprigs of E'uonymus curopæ'us with the arillus attached, for
decorating tombs ; and dog-hips, the flesh used in making sauce for game, and tho
seeds lor roasting and using as coffee, the drink so made being considered an antidote
to the gravel. The flowers were, stocks, marigolds, and annual ehiysantliemums.
There Averc Avrcaths of moss and box ; leaves of the striped Dégraphis anmdinàcca ;
bundles of the tops of TJquiscturn arvénsc, and plaited stalks of E . hycmàle (the Dutch
rush of London), both used there for scoming saucepans and pcAvter bccr-pots ; brushes
and hcarth-brooms made of Lyeopodium clavàtum, stuck in, in the manner of bristles ;
snails, and thighs of frogs ; Agaricus muscarius, a red-coloured poisonous mushroom,
which is here braised in milk, and the mixture set in rooms to destroy flies— (by tlie
Tartars and others this fungus is eaten to procure the pleasures of intoxication); SAvedish
and other turnips, cut into slices, like sauer kraut, &c. The finits of the Rhine and the
Tyi'ol are brought in baskets on the backs of the peasants, who Avalk that immense
distance, and yet can afford to sell them at remarkably low prices. A bunch of black
and one of white grapes, tlu-ee peaches, and a pomegi'anatc, cost about sixpence. The
apples, pears, and plums, like eveiy other production of Bavaria, were proportionately
low ; Munich being, it is believed, the cheapest city in Germany for tho necessaries
of life.
403. The vegetable, fru it, and flower market at Nuremberg displayed, Nov. 13. 1828,
abundance of the cabbage tribe, all the roots groAATi in England, with bulbous-rooted
celery, and Hamburgh parsley, onions and leeks, black and white winter radishes,
TcltoAv turnips, rutabaga, endive, son-el, spinach, lettuce, pears, apples, wjilnuts, chestnuts,
filberts, and cauliflowers. There Avcre also roses, pelargoniums, stocks, and other
flowers of the season in pots, and nosegays, and great abundance of marsh-malloAv
roots, and of vai-ious herbs used medicinally.
404. The vegetable market a t Stuttgard is abundantly supplied at all seasons. In
November, 1828, we found there great quantities of lamb’s lettuce of diflercnt ages,
young carrots, veiy young leeks, young kohl-rabi, cauliflowers, TcltoAv turnips, SAvedish
turnips, caiTot-sliaped white turnips, curled IIambm*gh parsley, scorzonera, endive, lettuce,
chervil, scmwy ^*ass, spinach, and cabbages of A’arious kinds, particularly the
sugarloaf cabbage, which is raised in great quantities at a village long celebrated for
this vegetable, and sent to Holland and other countries, as an article of commerce.
The fraits were cliiefly apples, pears, walnuts, and filberts. The flowers, stocks, chiys-
anthcmums, and China roses in pots.
405. In the duchy o f Baden there ai-e nurseries and market-gardens at Carlsrahe,
Rastadt, Baden, and other toAvns. There is a government nursery at Carlsruhe, wliich
is most systematically laid out ; and round the borders arc specimens of all the fruit and
forest trees and shrubs, in alphabetical order, and named. The soil, however, from
having been so long cropped with trees, has ceased to produce tlicm in vigour ; and tho
plants raised, if not removed to tlieir final destination at an eaily age, speedily become
covered with moss. I t is tho practice in this nursery to keep the surface of tho ground
covered during the Avholc summer with dry loose leaves collected from the woods ; Avhich
are found not only to retain the moisture, but to prevent the cockchafer from depositing
its eggs in the soil. The vegetable maiket at Calrsralie is exceedingly Avell supplied
with vegetables ; and, indeed, with the exception of forced ai'ticles, the variety is nearly
as great as in London or in Paris. The quality, however, of the cabbage tribe, of the
turnips, and of the fruits, appears very inferior to what it is in the market of Covent
Garden. Near Hamburgli is one of the finest nurseries in Germany, viz. that of the
brothers Booth, at Flotbeck. Hardy frait and forest trees are here propagated to a
gi-eat extent, and there is an excellent collection of the more popular house plants.
From the convenient iiitercoui-sc of this nursery, with those of Britain, it forms the