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678 A K T O F G A K D EN IN G .
lonVth of root, I c u to ff about 6 in. from each. The amputated parts were th
v fi/Ld a K o i im l as in splice or whip grafting, to scions of pear trees, which w-ere selected
ir ^ o L lS f o f ih e 'r am e ’sizo;a^d with th cir attached branch^^^^^^^^^^«V niLrihleof the same size; and the roots, wicti tn eir attacneci u rau cu e s , wc ic ucjiuoiAxre. i** th e gground a.
? so deen S t th rw h o le of the ro it, and about an inch of th e scion, were covered. T h e so 1 was
S n d?awn up w ith the hoe ou each side of the plants, which were placed m rows, so th a t one bud only
nf P i c h S t w i ab^^ th e soil, and another ju st within it. These grafts succeeded perfectly w e ll; and
I have subseouentlv repeated the same experiment witli equal success upon th e apple, th e plum, and the peach.L ich In In S the greater S i part p i t of these experiments, the roots were perfectfy cleansed from mould by wash-
h i „| b 1. k o re AKr...t h ? y ® i v eHiXil ^ S d Tfl to th TUI*e U graft,I'il I I., ill and III were ITUl C lllUll then placed ***in wet ...»» moss,, -------—----------------- till a sufficient number •
were
read; ' ' ' ’
moiv
was employed in planting them ; but the
round th e roots, and to supply the place of
graftmg on it there. Such root-grafts grow with uncommon vigour.
2462. Tere h ra tio n, or p e g -g rafting { fig . 710. t), is an old method, in which the stock
being cut off horizontally, a hole was bored in tho centre of it ; and the scion being selected
to fit the stock, within 1^ in. of its lower end, a circular incision was made, and the
inu't between that and the end reduced, so as to fit the hole in the stock, ims peg,
fiUing the hole, was supposed to seciu*e the graft from the effect of the wind. _
2463 F lu te -q ra ftin g may be described as a mode of budding by an entire ring of
bark containing ono or more buds ; instead of by a shield, containing a single bud. As
soon as the sap rises in the stock, it is headed down, and the bai-k removed, as shown in
fill 716 and a cylinder of bark being taken from the scion, it is put on, and made
secm-e liV matting Where tho stocks are small, this is one of the most certain modes of
grafting ; and though it is commonly practised in spring, there
can ho no doubt that it would succeed equally well in summer,
at the usual season for budding.
2464. Herbaceous g ra ftin g is practised not only on herbaceous
vegetables, but upon
the young wood of trees and
slirubs wliile it remains in a
brittle or herbaceons state,
particularly on trees of the
pine and iir tribe, and on
horse-chestnuts, &c.
2465. G ra ftm g the p ine and
f i r trib e in the herbaceous m anner.
“ Tlic proper time for
grafting pines is towards the
end of June, or in duly, when
the young shoots have grown
about three quarters of their
length, and are still so herbaceous
as to break like a shoot
of asparagus. Tire shoot of
the stock is then broken off
about 2 in. under its terminating
bud, the leaves ai-e cut
or clipped off from 20 to
24 lines doivn from the
extremity, leaving, however,
two pairs of leaves opposite
aud close to the section
of fracture, wliich leaves arc
of great importance to the success of the graft. The shoot is then split with a very thin
knife between the two pairs of leaves, and to the depth of 2 in. ; the scion is then ])i-e-
parcd (b in fig . 717.) ; the lower part being stripped of its leaves to the length of 2 in. is
out and inserted in tho usual manner of cleft-grafting. Pines may also bo grafted in tho
lateral manner (c). Tho graft is tied with a coarse thread of woollen, and a cap of paper
is put over the whole to protect it from the sun and rain. At the end of flfteen days,
this cap is removed, and the ligatm-e at the end of a month ; at that time also the two
pairs of leaves (o), which have served as nurses, are removed. The scions of those sorts
of pines which make two growths in a season, or, as the technical phrase is, have a second
sap, produce a shoot of 5 in. or 6 in. the flrst year ; but those of only one sap, as
tho Corsican pine, Weymouth pine, &c., merely ripen the wood gi'own before grafting,
and form a strong terminating bud, which in the foUowing year produces a shoot of
1 ft. 3 in. or 2 ft.” (Lo ud on ’s H o rtic u ltu ris t, p. 294.)
2466. L a greffe étouffée, or the stifled graft, “ is so named, not from any pai-ticiilar mode
of performing the operation, but because the plants when grafted are closely covered with
a bell-glass, so as completely to exclude the surrounding air, and placed in moist heat
while the union between the scion and the stock is going on. It is only applicable to
plants of small size, and in pots ; but for tbese, whether hardy, as in the case of
pines, firs, and oaks, or tender, as in the case of orango trees, camellias, rhododendrons,
&c., it is tho most expeditious of all modes of grafting. The operation, especially when
for camellias, is very commonly performed in the cleft mode (see fig . 713. in p. 676.), the
stock being in a growing state with tho leaves on, and being cut over close to a leaf
ivhich has a bud in its axil, and so as to slope away from it. Great care is taken not to
injure the leaf and hud on the stock, as on these, in a gi-eat measure, depends the success
of the operation. The stock is split to a depth equal to two thh-ds of its thickness, and
the scion prepared is inserted, made fast with a shred of mat, or with worsted threads,
and the upper part of the stock not covered by the scion is coated over with grafting
wax. The pot containing the plant is then plunged in heat, and closely covered with a
bell-glass, which must he taken off and wiped every second day, and left off an hour or
two, if at any time the plants appear too moist. After the scion is inserted, and hound
close to the stock, the pot containing the stock is half buried in a horizontal position, on
a bed of dry tan, or dry moss ; and the grafted part covered with a hell glass, stuffed
round the bottom with tan or moss, so as to prevent any change of air t.aking place
within tho boU-glass. Tho graft is kept thus closely covered for from two to four weeks,
accordmg to the season, when the scion will, in general, be found perfectly united to the
stock. Air is now admitted by degrees ; and after a week or two more, tho glass is removed
altogether, tho pot set upright in a gentle heat, and the nppor part of the stock
neatly cut off close above the scion.” (L ou d o n ’s H o rtic u ltu ris t, p. 297.) It will be
obsen-cd that though it is directed to lay tho plants in a horizontal direction after gi-aft-
iiig, this is only done for the convenience of covering the graft with a bell-glass ; and if
any other method of effecting the same end can be devised, the plants may remain in an
upright position.
2467. F u tu re trea tnm it. In a month after grafting, it may ho ascertained whether tlie
scion has united with the stock, by observing the progress of its buds ; but, in general, it
is not safe to remove tho clay for tlu-co months or more, till tho gv.aft bo completely
cicatrised, Tho clay may generally be taken off in July or August, and at tho samo
time the ligatures loosened where the scion seems to requiro more room to expand ; a
few weeks aftorw.ards, when the parts have been thus partially inured to tho air, and
when thcro is no danger of the scion being blown off by winds, the whole of the ligatures
may be removed. If the stock was not shortened down close to the graft or junction of
the scion with tlio stock at the time of performing the operation, it may be done now, oías
soon as the ligatures can be entirely dispensed with. In paiticular cases, a ligature
round the graft, or a stake, or other prop, for the shoots of the scion, may be necessary
for a year to come, to protect against winds ; or a bandage of moss may be kept over
tho graft, to preserve moisture, and encourage the expansion of the parts, and complete
the filling np of the wound.
2468. Choice an d treatm ent o f stocks. The stocks on wlfich the operation of grafting
is performed, are most commonly the stems of young trees, raised from tlie seed, or from
suckers, layers, or cuttings, reared for that purpose. For what arc called dwaif-trcos,
the stock at the time of graftmg must always be headed down within a few inches of the
ground for the insertion of the scion ; and for standards, the heading of the stock for tho
insertion of tho scion may cither he near the gronnd, the scion inserted accordingly, and
one of the first shoots fi-om it trained up to foi-m a stem ; or the scion inserted at the
proper height. But if, as is the case with standard cherries, the stock is intended to
form tho stem, then it must be suffered to grow 6 ft. or 7 ft. high, and be afterwards
headed down at 5 ft. or 6 ft. for the reception of the scion. The French and Americans
graft and bud their stocks much higher than is practised in Britain, wlfich some considcr
to contribute to the durability of the tree. J. Wilmot is of opinion, that, by tho opposite
practice, the whole of tho wild or proper stock, in garden-grounds where the soil is
continually raised hy manure, becomes buried in tho soil, and reduced to a mere root,
and then, he says, the tree begins to decline in vigour, and soon decays and dies. (H o i-t.
T ra n s ., vol. i. p. 215.) „ , -
2469. T h e species o f stocks f o r fru it-tre e s are divided mto what a rc o&WcA .free-growm g
and d w arfing stocks. The free-growing are such as naturaUy attain the full height of the
species to be gi-aftcd on them, as the seedlings of the common apple, common pear, plum,
and cherry. The dwarfing stocks are such as naturally form much smaller trees than
tho sorts to he grafted on them, and therefore have a tendency to dimmish the magnitude
of the adopted sorts ; as tho paradise and doncin, for apples ; tho quince for peai-s ; the
bullace, for plums ; and tho perfumed and wild red chen-y, for chômes.
2470. T he stocks f o r timber and ornam ental trees are generally some hardy species or
variety of the same genus ; sometimes, however, plauts of a diflercnt genus, but of tlie
fi