'ìli::
(Ito!
I l i "
o f leave* an d flowers, a n d h abits o f growtii, and as difTcrent
a s possible in the colours of tlioir flowers, liy m ix in g small-
flowered with large showy sorts, th e be auty of tlie former is
lost witliout adiling to tho effect of th e latter.
5371. Ift rosirtVs commonly b u t one p la n t of a so rt is in tro duced,
and tlie varieties which most resemble each o th e r are
idnced togetlier, by wliich tlieir distiuctious a rc b ettor seen,
’articiiliir compartments are often devoted to ono species, as
th e Scotch, Chliicse, yellow, burnct-Icavod, &c., whicli bas an
excellent effect: sometime,« a piece o f rockwork in tho centre
is covered witli th e creeping roses, a n d on otlier occasions
tliese arc train ed to trelliswork, which fornis a fence or hedge
o f roses ro u n d the wliole. In tliis hedge, stan d ard roses are
sometimes introduced a l reg u la r distan c es; a grove of standa
rds is also freq u en tly formed in th e centre of tlic roscry, aud
sometimes they are introduced hero an d th e re in th e beds.
5572. Sfanoiard roses, however, have c ertainly the best
effect in flower-borders, o r when completely iletached on a
law n ; th e ir sameuess o f form, a n d th a t form being compact
a n d lumpisli, prevents th em from g rouping well, either
themselves o r with other objects. T h e ir beauty con
tlie ir sin g ularity as rosc-plants, an d in th e ir flowers
therefore, to display tliese beauties to tho best advantage,?,
they
rerjuire to bo seen singly, or in succession. Th is is the
where they occur as single objects on a law n ; o r in Uic centre
and hero an d there among, groups of flowers; o r in_ lines
o r avenues, along flower-v
T rian o n , th e
d ividual bcaul
Most s ta n d a r d . . . , ___ ..
tlicto are generally foiroed of c
■ gan
•dens of tho Grand
rrianon,tliey a re p lan ted jirofusely in large masses, lil
daiitations o f trees an d shmhs, an d th e re mu ch of tlie ir ii
, like
luty if
ird ro
>r ivrought iron. A g reat
v a riety of stakes of th is description will be found figured and
described in pp. 567, 568. Some of tlie more lu x u ria n t-
growing c limbing roses will g r ..................................... V 30 ft. < 40 ft. h ig h
-
lliGSG a re sometimes planted a t th e base of an arrow cone of poll
he ig h t as m ay bo deemed
o f th a t height, r of such a deemed suitable
to tlie situation an d object in view
5375. Soil. Most species o f tli
th c ir wild state
grow in sandy an d ra th e r jioor soil, except sucli as are natives
o f woods, where th e soil is richer, a n d comparatively moist.
B u t all th e cultivated roses, an d especially tho double-flowering
kinds, req u ire a rich loamy soil, in clining to clay r a th e r tiian
s a n d ; a n d they require, also, like most double flowers, plenty
o f moisture when in a growing state.
5374. General culture. To produce strong flowers, roses
req u ire some a ttention to p ru n in g ; old wood should bo yearly
c u t out, an d the young shoots th in n ed an d shortened accordin
g to th e ir strength, an d whether n um b e r or m agnitude of
flowers be wanted. Tliosc sorts wlilcli throw u p numerous
suckers should be tak en u p every th ree or four years, reduced
an d tlio offs])ring re p la n te d ; an d most sorts, except the
standards, will bclmproved by th e practice, provided attention
be paid to remove a p a rt of the old soil, an d replace it by now.
T h e points o f the slioots of tlie more delicate sorts of roses are
very apt to die when p ru n in g is jierformed in w inter or sp rin g ;
to avoid tlie consequences of this evil, ma n y give a seconil
p ru n in g in Junc, or do n o t p ru n e the tender sorts a t a ll till
th e beginning of th a t month. A very good time for performing
th e operation is immediately after tho bloom is over;
c u ttin g out old exhausted wood, shortening shoots which have
flowered to a good bu d accompanied with a h e alth y leaf, b u t
leaving sucli slioots as are still in a growing state untouched till
October. Where very large roses arc wanted, a ll th e buds b u t
th a t on th e extreme p oint o f each shoot should be pinched off
a s soon as th ey make tb e ir appearance, an d th e p la n t liberally
supplied witli water. To lessen evaporation, an d keep u p a
constant mo isture a t th e roots of th c ir roses, the Paris g a rdeners
generally mu lch th em w ith h a lf-ro tten stable-duim. or
p a rtially ro tten 1
. e the cinnamon, wSich
rsiuM ay ; th e damask. In th e end of May or the beginning
of J u n e ; th e blush, York an d Lancaster, th e Provence or
cabbage, in Ju n e , Ju ly , an d A u g u s t The mu sk rosea aro the
la te r blooming sorts ; they flower in September, a n d in shaded
situations w ill sometimes continue in bloom till tlie middle of
October ; b u t the earliest rose (th e m ontlily) is also the latest,
an d generally continues flowering till in te rru p te d b y frost.
Ttie earliest sorts m ay be ma teria lly forwarded b y being
p lan ted against a south wal! ; an d if portable sashes aro placed
before them, an d the wall is e ither flued an d heated by fires,
o r a lining of dung placed behind, th e plants m ay be b rought
to flower in Feb ru ary or March. Tlic mon th ly rose being
Iirotected by glass in a u tum n , or aided by artiflcial heat, may
be continued in bloom till Cliristmas. A very common mode
o f obtaining la te roses, an d one of the greatest a n tiq u ity , is
• b y c u ttin g a ll th e flower-shoots off when th e buds begin to
appear, o r by ru b b in g off a li the ru d imen ts of shoots of every
k in d , e arly in sp rin g ; a second crop is in consequence produced,
which will n o t be fn a state to bloom before th e
autumn .
5376. Forcing the rose. Th e best sorts for th is purpose aro
th e common an d moss Provence; th e In d ian sorts force well,
o r rath e r, in stoves, continue in bloom a ll th e y e a r; b u t the
commoner varieties of these not being frag ran t, th ey are in
less rep u te th an the European roses. Rosc-plants should be
a y e ar in pots previously to th e a u tum n when it is intended to
force thorn ; th ey should be planted in pots of 6 in. o r 8 in.
diameter, in rich loam, an d plunged in an open a iry situation ;
th e ir flower-buds pinched off as they ap p ea r; an ü th e plants
p u t early in to a state of rest, b y excluding th e sun a n d rain,
b u t n o t a free circulation of air. Abercrombie says, “ there
is no c ertainty of a ttain in g a fine blow of roses in th e depth of
winter by tlie m ost expensive artifices of forcing ; an d yet fine
■"...... ’ ■* ’ ip rlng b y an y o rd in ary
flowers may be produced early in the
stove p u t in operation in December,
introduced, keep th e a ir o f th e house
tin g i t fluctuate to more th an two oi
above. In th e second week, a im a t
th e th ird week, a t 65°. When a mi
begin to increase the h e at g rad u a lly to 7 0 ° ; In
to th is standard, le t it nftcrwarda exceed
degrees, ra th e r th an sink below. A sui
u p by in tro d u c in g somo pots every eight
iVlien th ep lan ts a re firs t
t about 5b°, never let-
three degrees below or
0 ° as tho s ta n d a rd ' re
Ith has
le arly elapsed,
■ing b rought it
u th ree to live
kept
5377. Orotcing roses in pots. Tliis was formerly considered
almost impossible; as gardeners generally allowed th a t tiie
rose was in tra ctab le as a pot-plant. The difficulty has, however,
been now completely conquered, an d roses are grown and
flowered in pots to a degree of perfection th a t tliey never attain
in an y o th e r mode o f culture. “ Roses in tended for growing
in pots,” says Mr. Pau l, “ may be e ith er on th e ir own roots
or on sh o rt stems. The tea-scontod an d the Cliinesc kinds are
undoubtedly b e tter in tlie form er way. l.o t us suppose any
num b e r of yoiiug p lants arc obtained on tlie ir owu roots in
eO-sizcd pots in the siiriiig of tho y e a r." {Rose- Gard., p. 101.)
5578. S hifting. The rose trees should first bo shifted iuto
48- or 52-sizcd pots, according to tho q u an tity of roots made
by each i>lant, an d then p lunged in an open spot in tlie garden,
watering them as often as the soil becomes dry. T h ere arc
two tilings to bo guarded against, “ tho ingress of worms from
the ground, an d tho egress o f th e roots from th e liole in tho
.......... I f tho roots find thoir way into th e ground,
d in tho p o t; a n d th e resu lt w ill be a
rous b u t less perfect g rowtii; an d if the plants nro
:o bo removed a t tiie tim e of flowering, they receive
iheok. Both these occurrences mu st therefore be
prevented, by placing the jiots on inverted secd-pans.” (Ibid.)
Very few flowers should be suffered to develope themselves tho
iirs t year, an d the seed-vessels should be cut off as soon as
th e p eta lsd ro p , “ T h e a im ,” Mr. P a u l observes, th ro u g h o u t
th e growing season should bo to get a few stout well ripened
shoots by au tum n ; shoots th a t will be ar strong pressure between
the finger an d tliumb without giving an y indication of softness,
for i t is those whicli will produce strong an d perfect
blossoms. The way to accomplish this is to place tho pianta
a good distance from each o th e r; and, as th e young slioots
form, th ey should be set wide ap art, th a t tliey m ay enjoy tlie
fu ll su n lig h t.” (Ib id .) Great care should also be tak en to
remove an y weak or ill-placed shoots by disbudding. Most
of tlie p lants w ill req u ire to be roshifted in Ju ly , in to 24- or
16-sizcd pots. MTien repotting, “ the surface soil, which is
a p t to beeome sour,” m ay be “ ru bbed carefully away, so far
as can be done without d istu rb in g th e roots. A nice ju d g m
en t is req u ired in shifting th e Cliinese an d tca-sccntcd
roses, as tliey a re very liable to suffer from over-potting.”
(_Ibid. p. 102.) In a u tum n th e b ranches should be sliortened,
so as to b rin g tho p lan t in to a handsome an d compact form.
5379. s ifte r the tree is pruned, “ theshoots should be staked
o u t a t as CTeat distances as possible: tliose th a t are left long,
o u ght to be made to lie almost liorizontal, b y bending them
down, th a t the buds may be induced to break reg u la rly from
th c ir summ it to th c ir base. Great care is req u ired in this
operation, as the wood of some kinds is extremely b rittle .”
( ib id .) I t is n o t necessary to keep them bent an y longer tlian
till th e buds have broken. Wator m u st be freely given du rin g
tho growing season, an d care m u st be tak en to secure perfect
drainage.
6380. The second year a p a rt o f tlie fiowc»-buds mu st be
pinched out, an d th e shoots m u st bo carefully train ed , by
ty in g th e b ran d ie s to sticks p a in ted of a d u ll green, so as to
' little seen as possible. Tho system o f tra in in g may vary
according to th e taste o fth e traini ■ says Mr.;
“ th e system of a ta ll slioot in th e centre o f the plant, with all
tiio other.« disposed around it, grad n a ily decreasing in he ig h t as
th ey recede from tlie centre, in a word a pyramid, presents a
p leasiiigohjcct.” 105.) T o tra in a ro s e in th is manner,
Mr, P a u l says, “ immediately a fte r p runing, wc draw tlio lower
shoots downwards over th c r im o f tiie pot, ju s t beneath which
a wire should pass, to w h id i the h ast may be fastened. When
tlio p lants arc of th ree or fo u r years’ growth, an d have been
previously train ed upon th is plan, tie r above tie r of branches
m ay be arranged, each decreasing In circumference in tlie
ascent, till wo te rm in ate in a point. Train ed on this plan,
th e plants require constant care an d a ttention d u rin g the
season of growtii, to keep them w ell hd a n c e d . Strong shoots
m u st be stopped as occasion m ay req u ire , a n d weak ones
encouraged. A ro u n d bush is q u ite in charac ter in somc
instances, especially for such kiuds as are of lowly growth.
The p lants may be train ed to a face, the tallest shoots ranged
a t the back, the others grad u a lly decreasing in he ig h t as they
a pproach th e fro n t.” (Rose Gard., p. 105.)
Insects. The rose tree, above all the o th e r ornaments
recks of plant-lice
o f o u r gardens, is most subject to th e attacks (A'phides). One species (A, rOsEO A.) is p a rticu la rly y p prevalent;
rev a len t;
y e t, notwithstanding a ll th a t has heen written on the subject,
lethod has yet been discovered for its effectual destructioi ,
Towards th e beginning of February, o r as soon as th e buds of
tiie rose tree swell a n d appear green, these insects a re found
upon them. This first hrood is produced from small black
eggs deposited, a t th e close of th e jireceding au tum n , on tho
shoots o f ttia t year, If, after th e ir appe.arance, th e weather
becomes cold, m any are killed, nnd th e in ju ry for th a t y e ar is
considerably lessened. Tliosc th a t remain seldom a rrive a t
th e ir fu ll growtii before April, when, after tw ice casting tlieir
skins, they u sually begin to breed. According to Ricliardson,
th e first brood consists en tirely of females, an d each of those
produces a n umerous progeny without th e assistance of tho
o th e r sex. These, though tficinsclvcs produced from eggs,
are viviparous: a th ird generation appears in May, .and the
months o f Ju n e an d Ju ly cacli supply two more. In the
au tum n , th e eighth, n in th , an d ten th generations arc
duced : two of them in August, an d th e la st about the r
niddl.
of September. From tlic females o f th is la tte r race th e eggs
are produced wliich a rc Intended to perpetuate th e species for
the following year. The p a ren t insects deposit th o ir eggs as
ne ar as possible to th e b ranch buds, tlia t the fu tu re young
may be tho more easily supplied with n o u rishment ; a n d somo
continue to lay u n til th e beginniug of November. Th e eggs
a t first a rc green, b u t soon becomo perfectly b la ck ; thoy
adhere to fhe branches by a viscous m a tte r th a t surrounds
them, a n d rem a in u n in ju re d by th e frost of winter. (Phil.
Trans., vol. Ixi. p. 182.) Now, it is ab u n d an tly evident th a t
the degree of success th a t will a tten d th e various operations of
watering with lim e w atei, or watering, an d afterwards dusting
with powdered tobacco leaves or Scotcli snuff, p ru n in g ,
smoking, handpicking, &c., will be in proportion to the
ju d ic io u s discrimination o f the time flxcd upon for sucli
purposes. Among a ll the recipes th a t have been proposed,
we do n o t recollect one whieh is applicable to the destruction
of the egg; a lth o ii^ , could th is be effected, e ith er in tho
a u tum n or w inter, tlie in ju ry would be completely checked for
f "ro r a f a r as regards the eggs; h u t
th e re IS no do u b t tlicie would lip destroyed by hot water - and
ttohoe leYan’vtrMof eh aye efa llen, a t a teUmipate rtahtius rem oa/y2 0b0e° ,a pwpilitelieol,u ’tw ahnenv
in ju ry to the plant. Possibly strong tobacco-water o? «
strong la th er of soft soap, would he effectual, b u t these will h?
fo und much too expensive. In th e n e x t stig<“ o f tho re»
o r when n has ju s t emerged from th e egg, an d begun to &
gregate upon th e opening bud, it seems very nrobabl? thnr n
a?rid be starved, by rendering th e ir food
¿ r i d or bitter, by th e application o f lim e o r tobacco water
The use of hot water a t th is period would be dangerous, and
therefore cannot be recommended. Th e importance of a ¿
tem p tin g th e destruction of the first brood will be suffleiontre
prodigious fecundity of th is in sm i "con-
snlcrod. Re aum u r has calculated th a t in five generation« one
aphis m a y b e th e progenitor of 5,904,900,000 descendants-
anm tih Iet shhaos ratl r«ervandroy rb.et e„nlr .orob served th á t there - ' rr.ro., . 1.- Irt
operaticiA« i i i f x r ° rnonttis. it th e gardener delay his
‘f e y i attended with little
rt„n,r„i ^ ^ evil will then have spread too wide for his
irocfeY -ra® roses may, iiowever, always be freed from
aplildes by going over the whole p la n t with a soft brush, laying
tito nfestea bxids o r shoots in tlie p alm of one iia n d f a /d
bru sh in g off th e insects with th e other. P ru n in g is o f little
b y th e grubs o f a species o f the 2’cnthrodliiidcc, whieh cat
o f them! flo"’er-bud8, an d occasion tlie destruction
/irowr?' nre n o t wanting to assist the g ar-
‘*®T®rafe"°"“ *‘‘racn t is drawn from the
bodies of these flies. I t is shortiand th ick , o f a blackish pu rp le
1057
on Its body : it sews u p the tender leaves by means o f silken
- tree a re often m a rk ed in au tum n , on th e ir u p per surface»
ita f. The caterpillar, when fu ll grown is ne arlv ,«•„ u,.
/ r l r e g ‘’rown m a rk is caused b f thVepidormft
rt®^®fei®“ ®fe- cater,.Illar is fuU-grouTi aboift
tound a convenient place to fix its cocoon. Tlic Derf/crreYc?
s i . i S - K ’s r s s s f e r é H E H s
Si!; ( s t f s
«ire «Yro kíearuease, or P a n sy (Pensée, Fr. ?), was origin-
a llj name applied to th e Fio la tricolor, b u t i t is now e /
ten d ed also to K. lùtea, grandiflòra, an d amce'nà //ri thè
pu rp le a n d yiclet, each with m a n y shades ; pu rp le or violet
u t / r f e ? e/iaracterisíifís tifa good p a n sy are tlius given bv
Mr. G o rn c :— “ Large an d ro u n d petals, the Aowot forming
n e arly a circle, not mu ch un d u la ted [ 1^ in. across is larg?
Stibsect. 13. Fu chsia. ~ Fuchsia. L .-, Oct.
4 4 / ; f f »>1 natives o f South America,
¡nhouso plants in G reat B ritain ;
a re b ro ad e r]; colours [brilUant], distinct
5380.„„„OT. ro Propngation . a n d cuiiurc.culture. Nothin wotliniff ean
•
th th a a n n th tho e propagation propaiwtre.. „ o c f th .i,! is . ,,plan i t, eitlier by ,
seed
I t is propagate
common garde
hand g lasses o. . _
pricked o u t u n der gl.
beds in tlic open garde
.. Wl luis piunc,e itn er ______
ey the the greatest „„»A- „»
oil. Seeds may be sown e arly in spring un der
pagated by tho la tte r mode with the leedsm-’” '''--------
>ld fra:
I’o ; an d th e plants may be first
.n a iu o iiaiisjiiaiuea in to
pots. Th e situation best
ib r^oris i• n th e garden, or p u t iatuflttteeorr wwpoaatrsrdd, ss trans,i!aiUed iu adapted for pansies should £ie open to tho
s u r la ^ should be low, relatively to th e sm
"A-,.;, jiiieiy, troatocl as greenliOTuse iuanis ir
iffo iv r e ' ? r raost o f tlie kinds will
lllllVl, oui
re killed do-
It only
the
I th e ground
Some of ‘o‘,o'Kft''Smro;
S5M s f e s i s s s r s S i
y ''i f e f e " ra Uiis country, an d man y very beautiful
80 w tq torm a small tree, in tlie following m an n er - — Ti,„
b ranches au d loaves to ab o u t h a lf its he ig h t Th e / l Y,t Yfe/i
mKl f ta v ? i b/reY t X / a®'’'’ f / P®'®* ‘'*® shoots
le ltfeYn ri® "" fe sreeiihouse, I h c n it will l/so Us
'•rinlOT, c o n tra ry to tlie u«ua
course o f a few m onths, produce a b e autiful head, covcre’d with
Subsect. 14. C a lce o la ria .-
L ., and O nagràrioe J. ; Fuchsie, Fr.
i“ J ”'™ ,"; r . co o cÄ o i. I n t c r o i l f e ï o S ' h S S
Eoota.! “ ' “ " r a Brown in E n n l.n a , tlio ” » ! . «„S
iianion to the Flou-er-Gardon, 5 th edit. p. 120.)
C a k e o là ria L ; D iá n d ria M ono g ÿn ia L ., and Scrophu-
lan næ J. ; Calceolaire, Dr.
ë p p i l S i i i l i ï
spMios were iiireo dYceYfr/Yfchm, refeo’f wrech''
lY r e f e f e " ’? Grail., h n cr/nm ,Je flmVer;. feho
n«O«/i/drctfae 'n“s’ ®o®n e‘‘ "oef fthe'e'* p' arents, insteald’« oinf yC t hveunm triiterde nC . «o,r„a1 cihré.
produced th e magniflcent calceolaria w h id feh o ? k u /d a
3 Y
t o i l , t i i
! ititoi
! . 'if !