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\-illa iind the royal palace. The dwelling-houses arc called houses, halls, courts, or
palaces, according to the custom of the country where they are situated ; or castles,
abbeys, or Grecian buildings, according to their stylo of aixihitectnre ; and mansions
or palaces, according to thcir extent and magnificence. The mansion residence consists
of tho samo parts as in the mansion and demesne (6204.) ; it may contain from 500 to
10,000 acres, or upwards, and the wholc is managed, in first-rate establishments, by the
following ofiiccrs :—A secretary, who receives the commands of the master, and conveys
them to the house-stcward, who manages the expenditure of tho house and offices, and
gamekeeper ; to the land-steward, who manages the tenanted lands, receiving rents,
and seeing to the fulfilments of covenants in leases, repairs, &c.; to tke bailiff, who
manages the family farm; and to ihe gardener, who manages tlic garden-sccncry, including
the park, as far as respects the trees and grass, aud the internal plantations or
forests.
6354. The gardener who occupies a first-rate situation has under him a forester, for tho
demesne woods and park trees; a pleasure-ground foreman for the lawns and shrubbery;
a flower-garden foreman, a forcing-department foreman, and a kitchen-ganlen foreman.
A horse and a two-whcelcd chaise is kept for his use, and a boy, wlio not only takes carc
of his horse, but acts as his messenger and house servant. He lives in a respectable
house, near the kitchcn-gardcn, with a stable and cowhouse not far distant. His wages
are from 150/. to 300/. a year, independently of a free honse, fuel, and other advantages.
He should be at the head of his profession when he enters on it ; and keep liimself at
the head of it, by taking caro to be informed of every improvement and invention in his
line, as they arc discovered and made public. He must not only know all that is in
books, but must be in advance in knowledge ; not only ready to apply all tlie best practices,
but fertile in expedients on extraordinary occasions, and in cases of novelty,
difficulty, or emergency. Necessities and difficulties, as they occur, excite the inventive
faculty far beyond reflection or study ; therefore we can afford little assistance here,
except recommending tho gardener who is ambitions to excel in his profession, first to
store his mind with all the resources of gardening, and next to lay up in his memory as
many ideas as he can on all other subjects, but especially on art and science. Next to
books on gardening and agriculture, and topographical surveys of every kind, ho should
have frequent recourse to the best encyclopaedias of general knowledge, and observe the
operations, and converse much on professional subjects with mechanics and artificers of
every description. Much useful information is to he obtained from carpenters, miU-
wights, and smiths, and all kinds of information may occasionally be applied to use in
so varied and extensive an art as gardening.
6355. Gardens o f roijal palaces. The govemment-gardens of this country ai'C those of
Windsor, Fi-ogmore, and Hampton Court; that of Kew being a private royal garden.
To these gardens was formerly added one at Kensington; but after being kept for
many years in a wretched state, and part of it cultivated by the plough, it was, in 1842,
given up, and the land let for building villas; the money thus obtained being laid out
in building the magnificent range of forcing-houscs at Frogmore, which have been
already figured and described. (See/y. 182. in p. 255.; and figs. 646. to 651. in
pp. 619—622.) The gardens at Windsor had been for many years without hothouses,
but those of Frogmore are now added to them; and the whole foims one of the
.. ro„.1 I.roroi. OTOT.ro.rororo.roa ro.roro.,1 rororo i.ro (-V. „ Irt? „ /-.»Vl »t //VVFIi I f o llL -n tilG finest and best managed gardens in the kingdom, worthy alike of the ncnoiui nntt.Wry ial Tnl fdl IoTTf
he forcing-houscs in the gardens at Hampton Court consist chiefly of
sovereign. The :
some pine-pits and a vinery, the latter celebrated for its enormous vine. The forcingthe
houses at Kew have, wc believe, been given up.
6356. The royal gardeners were formerly much consulted by private gentlemen on
tlic subject of their profession : this is still the case, thougli in a much less degree, and
more now as to garden-structuros or culture, than as to matters of design and taste.
With reference to this circumstance, tho professional skill of royal gardeners ought to
be of tlie flrst order, as their ojiinion will always be law to a certain number of the
court, but for the culture and produce of the gardens (situated as these now ai-e), less
professional skill is wanting in a royal gardener than in a jn-ivatc head gardener, as deficiencies
in products can always be made np from the commercial gardeners, or from
Covcnt Garden.
Sect. II. Commercial Gardens.
6357. O f commercial gardens, tho, lowest species are what are called ploughed or fa r mers'
gardens. One or two are to be found near all large towns, and a nnmbcr round
London. They extend from fifty to a hundred and fifty acres or upwards, and are almost
entirely cultivated by the plough and other agricultural implements. Thcir possessors
arc small farmers, and the chief difference between this farm-gardening, and common
farming, is, that the green crops that intervene between the codi crops are more highly
cuitivatcd, and, instead of being consumed on the farm, are sent to market as culinary
vegetables, or food for stall -fed cows. The crops of every kind, but especially the green
crops, are cultivated in drills, two close together, with a wide interval, by which means
abundance of room is left to plough and horse-hoe tliis broad interval, and sow a succeeding
crop there before the other is removed. In this way two crops are obtained
most years ; as a specimen of which, we shall mention one of the common rotations, viz.
1 . Peas with dung, two rows near each other, and a wide interval; 2. Turnips in the
intervals; 3. Drilled wheat between the turnips ; 4. Timiips, with dung, in drills after
the wheat. These four crops arc put in, and removed within two yeiu’S, the ground
being in good heart.
6358. 'The seed-garden is the next species, and forms one of the points of union between
horticulture and agriculture. These gardens or small fanns are not numerous, and are
confined chiefly to two or three counties neai* the metropolis. They consist of from five
to twenty acres or upwards, in part cultivated by the plough; the occupier is not generally
a bred gardener, but sometimes is so, and unites with the business of seed-grower
that of market or nursery gardener. The seeds he cultivates are generally limited to a
few kinds ; thus chervil, radish, and cress seeds are grown chiefly in the neighbom-hood
of Saffron-Walden in Essex; cabbage seeds at Battersea; onions at Deptford ; peas in
Kent; turnips in Norfolk ; rape in Lincolnshire; mustard in the county of Durham, &c.
The great art is to grow the seeds true to their kind, for which purpose one grower must
not attempt too many varieties of the same species, but he may grow a number of different
species, and of varieties of the same species, provided they do not come into flower
at the same time. Such seeds as are raised in large quantities, as turnip, mustard, cress,
maw or poppy-seeds, peas, &c., are cither sold privately by samples, to tlio London or
other seedsmen, or exposed publicly in the seed-market in Mark Lane, London, or in
local country markets. But for the greater number of seeds, the practice is for the
nurserymen about London to grow a sauqile of it in their own grounds as pure and perfect
as possible, and then to send it to the seed-farmcr to be sown, and cultivated by him,
and the seed ripened, cleaned, and sent to the nurserymen, at a fixed rate, by the cwt.
or bushel. Flowcr-seeds are generally grown by nurserymen themselves ; many of the
other sorts hy market-gardeners; and many kinds are received from the head gardeners
of private gentlemen.
6359. Grass-orchards (Vergers agrestes,'£v.') form the next point of union between
farming and gardening. There are a number of them in the cider counties, and iu the
Vale of Clyde and tho Carse of Gowrie. A suitable soil and site are chosen, the surface,
if not in pasture, is sown with grass-seed, and standard fruit trees, chiefly apples and
pears, and sometimes, as in Sliropshirc, plums and walnuts, are planted in rows, and
properly fenced. They have little ])runing, and generally receive no other cai-c than that
of gatherijig the fruit; which is cither made into cider, stored in cellars, or sent immediately
to market. As tlie trees get old aud covered witli moss or mistletoe, or infected
with canker, shakes, or rottenness, they are scarified, headed down, and sometimes
regraftctl or rooted out and renewed, according to circumstances.
6360. Ploughed orchards ditfer in nothing from tlie gi-ass-orehards but in being constantly
or occasionally under aration. The trees stand in quincunx, and evciy year the
direction of the fuiTows is changed: thus, the first year it may be ploughed east and
west; the second, south-east and north-west; the third, soutli and north; and the
fourth, south-w"est and north-cast. The stem of each tree is thus left in the centre of a
square or rhomboid of turf of 4 ft. on the side. The ground is cropped as in common
farming, or fai-m-gardeiiing. These orchards are seldom very productive, in either fruit
or ground crops.
6361. Market-gardens (6281.). The number of these is considerable; their situation is
near large towns or sea-ports, and thcir extent from one to fifty acres or upwards; some
near London extend to upwards of 100 acres. The object of all is to produce culinaiy
vegetables and fruit for public sale, either as called for at the garden or garden-shop ;
as wanted by the green-grocer; or exposed in tlie public mai-ket. Some of these
gardens are general, producing every description of culinary fruit and vegetables, hardy,
exotic, and forced, in demand; of ivhich, as examples, may be mentioned the Earlscourt
garden, of upwai-ds of 60 acres and with extensive hothouses; and the Isleworth gai-dens.
Other gardens neai- the metropolis arc devoted chiefly to particular crops; as those at
Mortlake, to asparagus ; some at Battersea, to cabbage and cauliflower; at the Neats-
houses, to celery; at Deptford, to asparagus and onions; at Charlton and Iflumstead, to
peas, &c. In somc gardens attention is chiefly paid to forcing early and growing late
crops; in others, as at Lambeth, exotic fruits, as pines and grapes, are chiefly grown.
At a greater distance from toivn, articles of easy carriage, as gooseben-ies, strawben-ies,
asparagus, tart-rhubarb, sea kale, &c., are leading articles; and in small gardens in
the immediate vicinity of the metropolis nothing is sent to market; as water-cress,
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