i l i i a l p l g i i S i p i i ¿ / i t e r for r r S ^ Its walks arc planted with difTcrcnt varieties ol civange, citron, lemon, and
re. .. botanical garden, causing an
But th e professorship of botany m
who ceded it to the college of
^ ^ m m m m r n
T Í í , f ! á s ¥ r t
are particularly directed. This garden \
■ " ’ and received every year from th at
school, that is, the arrangement of
Luu ,..<wtoo, .s l a id o u t a c c o r d in g • , ,
J'/,o botanical gardens o f ihc fo u r special schools of phnrmi
/«..i-./Tfouiulcd in the present century at Madrid,
intended to roar those plants used by the apo-
;uuuiB u. uotany = .and m a ateria t c H a m medica.i S c m - 'A All l l t those h o s c 'w who h o wish
w is h
y m ust attend th e instructions given in these schoo s during
in in ff.'n th e degree of nrofessors of pharmacy m ust attend th e instructions given in these scnoo s uuniig
S u r / ¿ i s T h ? te a i c i S in these estabfishments some collections of dried plants a smal cabinet
S i/incralogy and zoology, and libraries sullicicntly well stocked with modern books ol .all the branches
¿ T e t e n c e th a t t row a S lig on pharmacy. The funds for supporting them arise from Uic degrees
¿ d tittes c o n f c r r S the s c L o l s ; iVom the exclusive privilege of selling the Pharmaco}wm Jl'jenna,
and some other books, which every apothecary in Spain must possess; and /
collected from the biennial visits made to th e apothecaries shops, each of th e apothecaries being, on
these occasions, obliged to pay 21. sterling.
515 Pharmaceutic gardens. Besides tlic gardens belonging to the four principal
schools of pharmacy already mentioned, most of the gcneral hospitals established in the
capital and in the provinces, as well as most of the convents of monks, and various wealtliy
and enlightened professors of pharmacy, have pharmaceutic gardens more or less extensive
That of tho hospital of Valencia, situated within the city walls, is large, and contains
a cood collection of plants. Among the gardens belonging to the monks, that ot
Santo Domingo do Silos, in the province of Rioja, is the best. It was for many yeans
under tlie direction of Father Saracha, coiTcspoiuling member of the botanic garden ol
Madrid, and botanical tutor of Don Luis Nee. Don Manuel Rodriguez, professor of
nliarmacy in the city of Leon, who kept in that city two pharmaceutic gi^dciis, and who
enrichcd'himsclf by the sale of the medicinal plants which arc found on the mountains ot
Leon, but which were, previously to his time, imported from abroad, and sold at exoriiitant
prices, was also one of the pupils of Father Saracha. Since the death ot Don Manuel
this new branch of commerce has been followed by his heirs, and by several other enlightened
iiharmacopolists, whom he himself had taught, and who have now ( 1 ^ 8 )
siniilar gardens there. The royal palaces of Aranjuez, Escurial, and San Ildefonso have
also their respective gardens for medicinal plants, whence the apothecaries who arc
attached to these royal establishments arc supplied. The apothecaries garden at Madrid
was well situated, attended, and provided for, before the war of independence. (Gard.
^ 7 \6 ^ ^ A 7 ^ t e ) h r flowers and o/omameni is not very general in Spain, thougb
odoriferous flowers, as the jasmine, the orange, &c. are said to be m repute with the
lad ies; and various sorts arc grown in the conventual giirdcns of the priests, for oflicial
decorations in churclies and oratories.
S u b s e c t . .3. Spanish Gardating, in respect to its horticultural Produciicms, and
the Planting o f Timher Trees ami Hedges.
617. íforíj'ciíííio-c has made but little progi-css in Spain; and, though of tho highest
antiquity in that countiy, is now practised there with very little attention to art. Ih e
earliest of tho few Spanish authors who have ivi-ittcn on gardens is Don Gabnol
Alonso dc Herrera {Libro de Agricultura, See., folio, Toledo, 1.546), whose book on
rural economy appeared early in tho sixteenth century. I t contains a treatise on
eardens (De las Huertas), in which he distinguishes only two sorts ; one for ^ delight and
provision for the house,” and the other for .supplying the public market. 1 rivatc gardens,
he says, need not bo extensive ; thoso for selling vegetables and fruits should bo near a
town or village, and rvcll supplied with water. He gives directions for ciiltivtamg tho
vino flg, olive, apple, pcar, and the common culinary plants. Of these, the soil and climate
are peculiarly favourable to the alliaceous and ciicurbitaccous tnlics, some sorts oi
which, as tho onion and wintcr-mclon, form articles of foreign commerce. “ A t Madrid,
Captain Cook obscrvc.s, “ every thing is exotic. The strawberries arc brought irom
Araniucz, thirty miles distant ; the apricots from Toledo, fifty miles ; peaches arc earned
on mules from Aragon, and butter from Asturias. Every part of bpam is put iii
requisition not for luxuries, which cannot be said to cxi,st, hut to supply the nccossa.rics
of life to a .spot in the middle of a desert, and whieh would soon revert to its original
state of forest, but for the adventitious aid perpctiially forced upon it.”
The rruil. of Spain arc more numerous than those oi any other European country. Besides a l ig ó s e
or £ i y native dr accllmntcil, Spain possesses tho date, tamanml, and various fruits of tho \ \ est irnhi s.
The varieties of th e crape, fig, melon, and orange, are numerous, and many of them excellent. 1 he
pine-apple is little cultivated in Spain ; but is grown in some parts of the southern provinces in th e open
''‘''cocMneal'ldlure, Captain Cook observes, “ promises one day to he of great value to th e coast of
M-iUo-t T h e facllitv of producing cochineal there has been proved most satisfactorily, and the quality
t a S d i o n t S om e i sa^^at continues, “ was considered equal to the best from America.
The a t present is tho price, as they say it cannot be brought to pay th e expense. T h at must,
¿ ¿ e Y e r d ^ L S s r S piacticS. Anothor\)omplaint is the tithe, whicfi on a production of such m-
t r in s ir ¿ lu™ i¿ ? s e r i/u s and probably insurrnou^ and will operate to re ta rd tbe progress of
!h r c a lti/V ti¿ / means b /ta k e n to prevent it. The coast of Malaga seems particularly
suited to it There are abundance of warm and sheltered spots now unproductive, th a t merely require
th/acUlitilm of cimmon walls to break the wind, which is prejudicial to th e insects.. The Opicntm
cQchinillifera grows naturally, and they cannot urge th e argument, brought against the increase of the
not much attended to in Spain. Onions and garlic are in universal use. ;
and th e sLcct potato (Convolvulus Batàtas) is cultivated in various iilaces. T.he British residents
imnort their potatoes from their native country. Forcing is unknown in Siiain, b u t in the royal p rd e iis
/ S d o r a b i c S e i S have been made to procure the luxuries comrnon in th e courts in the North of
Furone a n d pine-apples were grown at Madrid, in th e garden of L a Gnanju, a t least in th e year 1808.
t a tlm ¿ardcns of Af/njuez, a great quantity of vegetables and fruits of a 1 kinds, and of esteemed qualities
a r f / e S e d for S i royal household; not only by the natura l and ordmarv moans, b u t also by
a r t i f i S /¿?die!^^^ much known in Spain, though common in Britain. N o expense has been
S a i cd to p rS / provinces as from foreign countries for
K u r n o s o ofTeX^^ sudi as have degenerated or been lost. Thus these gardens, considered m this
l f o h r S ¿ / n e S h ‘n t school of p r a c ti^ l gardening, and they contain nearly all the various kinds of
culinaiv v ? / e t S in Great Britain with the addition of water-melons, and numerous kinds of
Bfit Of a l l the vegetables reared a t Aranjuez, none exceeds the asparagus for size and lu g h
f l ¿ o ,r The Sor/mon fruits in tho royal gardens are principally strawberries, pears, apples, poaches,
/S c o t s p liu S d o r á i s , i / a r ile s , m u lb e rriS , quinces, figs, and gooseberries, ffipmatoes are cultivated
to a very great extent all over Spain, as they are almost as indispensable as garlic m Spanish cookery.
Oranges are grown as wall fruit in Valencia.
518 The vmeyard o f Mr. Gordon, a Scottisli gentleman, long oslablisliotl at Xeres, and
one of the most'consiclorable mcrcliailts tlicrc, lies a few miles distant from the town,
and the ride to it is extremely pretty, tlirougli exceedingly narrow winding lane,s,
enclosed by gigantic hedges of aloe and Indian fig, varied by olive woods ; the hills, a.s
well as valleys, being thickly covered with vineyards, witli white cortijo.! peeping out
from each On reaching this vineyard, which lies in a deep v.illcy. Sir A. Brooke found
the labourers hnsily employed in picking the grapes, .and currying them on their heails
ill baskets to the prcssing-housc. Tlie vines were trained veiy low, and dose to the sqfo
on .account of the greater dogroo of heat. Tho vineyard was originally lAantcd with
three kinds of vines, calculated to produce the wines desired. Difference of soil, however
and parts more or less exposed to heat, had produced several other varieties ; some
wore nearly black ; others white, large, and sweet ; while others were tinged with a
brownish red, of a dry flavour, and devoid of sweetness. From tho last the shony is
produced. (Brookds Spain, &c., p. 68.) The best wine in Spain is made from the Val
dc Peñas (valley of stones) in L a Mancha.
watered, and not the smallest portion of ground is lo.st.
.519. Piantina timhcr-trees or hedges is scarcely known in Spain. Ropes arc made
throiighont Cordova from the fibres of the Agave, and Inghs tells m that the flowCT-
stalks arc cut into liglit beams for constriietiiig cottages. The wood of tho wild olne