A E T o f G A R D E N IN G .
I! i
UU-“
on the spot, or to bo “f e ‘t
slta jM te d water, all «“I™? “ 7 „„.¡„thig in a body on the spot, generally imphe^s a
the bed and margin Watei , ? „f siivings for an increased supply ;
snitahloness of soil for '•“ “''‘."S'«' /" ,; : ] ; J.ut where water is^ to bo
and these servo as usetul K""“ ' i.,,„lics au unsuitableiicss both of soil and surlaeo to
brought to a situation, it K®"®“ ] J . „ .,tt<,iitioii iu tho applieatioii of art, both as to
retain it, and hei.ee it " X ? ? , 5 s S e f<>r water ¿ ‘a hollow or level, am the
design and cxcention. i'» " "® ' th a executive part rediiccs itself to
best soil a «■ f “'“ £,.q ami disposal of the earth, the formation ot the bed and
?i?rim4 d“thoVor.nation of the Z / Z / j Z i Z T d i o u l d ho had to prcservo tho
0376 I I I the removal am i disposal o f the earm le» . advisable
bcJsJlforwbatistohetheriitnresinte^^
to dig ov P‘^vo oli the surhicc ol the • 1 , scattered over
preserve them for tlic same ^ ej.[.•^,ct the proper mixture. When largo
the old, fallowing, tvonclnng, ,vorst (luality must be the tartlicst
masses ol new eartli aio to I ' j fata„ t^cs ; or, if the roots of trees wdl
removed from tl.c probable .„q fefert he mixed. Gravelly matenals
pc.ictrato the wliole mass f / I 4 mavrin of the water, as not to act as a dram
should be kept at such a distance bom t ; j ¿ams or heads, the less
from it; and, in forming ™ f and retentive will be the head,
firavcl or porous mattoi used c , diRDosed of carc is requisite to hleud its out-
L every nrodc in wlneh raeavm^^^^
lines with thoso “«»“ta " » f f’- , notliino- is move disagreeable warts, or excrescences, tlum wlneli not n is » j in s„n,raldaccc sin. a level sur-
2 s h . I n the fo rm a tio n o f (Ae depths indicated in the design,
face, no finthcr attention IS rocims ^ j mhldle, and diniinisliiug to tho sides, as
which will generally be greatest t e “ “ ; jhc middle than 10 ft. which
in nature. Eew pieces ot ™ter unfavourable for the
will gcncrady deter rattle lom ^ = j ajer is formed by damming up, or
growth ot most aqiiatic plants. 0,0 most notable instance on record
Lowing a head across a « f ? " ? b P® ? attention, except adjoining the
is that of Blenheim), the ™ h i disposed as an ineliiicd plane
head, the mass of •"““ ''J®?;™/® J tho licad; and to prevent tlio water
under the body ol .7 “ ';- ? “« LLrials, fts siirfi.ee should be regularly clayed or
from penetrating into “ ® „n all sides, and even 111 tlio bottom
puddled over, as well as “ P; L]? “L d be of a sandy or gravelly nature, the wa er
of the excavation. lo i it tlus m I ,,y «ud nut yet consolidated earthy
may, by entering it, had 'J® the wholc mound or head. A safe u^dc
matters, and by soitemng j,,oro before filling with water. This
is to leave the head to conso PPT,vc\vood Hall, and other places.
wa2s3 B7r8o. wn’s practice at I«®"«®™’ “ ‘T „y„ h ill the lower part of the excavation must W h en w ater w fo rm e d on the s d e jf a
be raised and clapd with equal th,q claying must never be omitted w ievo
reasons. It is idmost "?®« ® newly formed’ or not naturally retentive of water. Wboro
the bottom or sides iwe cithci nc X ' somewhat sandy earth, hy ahundant
i ; : d r t a ) “ t a S 5 ~ ‘ * . » - “si-s.'sKf- -r-'^eST3£S»zs:.'V^izs^ to 1)0 formed of stony or 8'“™ ? . ™ - thoro, of cattle drinking without sinking
tion ttoh oth eod ggreo notn dth, ae nwdn b,loer.n, uto’.n gfe^elTLO S“ ..m1 dftoo piWc.it the g8r^o^^wth of such grasses and
aquatics as ®on>““m.cato a mo assy or a y I P the cxeavat.on
natural and picturesque than ' “"‘'® “V" / „nterials a^ occur, should be reserved
all, or a suitable (luantity of such giavelly o y ^ q
for depositing along the ““ Wfo‘or ,,k) matoLls are not to be bad from the
2 yards down too slope oi toe bed. ^ It romuta httle beauty m
excavation, tlicy should he procnrci , margins of rivers may bo lelt in a great
should cither he pcrfomcd over the wholc of the inner surfiice of the heud, or by a perpendicular
stratum of clay in the middle of the hank. Tho last mode is tlic most simple
of execution; but if the great body of loose materials is of a sandy or porous nature,
the former will he found tho safest; cither however, well executed, will suffice; and iu
this point of practice, execntioii is certainly of more conscqiioiicc than design.
2381. 'The sliiice is the stopper or valve to a drain, carried throngh the bank of a piece
of artificial water at the lowest part of its bed, in order that it may be emptied at pleasure.
Tlicrc arc various kinds, from the simple tube and stopper, to the plank-shiicc or
grooved frame. This last is lormed of a plate of hoards, generally 2 ft. or 3 I’t. wide,
and G ft. or 8 ft. high, attached to a stalk, and worked hy means of a ])inion and ratchet
in a frame of timher. The sluice is built vertically into the drain as a damper is into
a hue, and the length of the stalk and frame is always such as to reach somewhat above
the ground’s surface for convcnicncy of working. The grand object as to the sluice
is to construct it so as to admit tho least possible escape of water. This will generally
he best attained hy forming the tunnel, in which tlic sluice is to be huilt, in tho solid
groimd at the side of the head, and not in the new and loose earth, building it of
masomy or briek set in cement, claying it completely on all sides, tind fitting in tho
sluice with the grciitest nicety.
Sw h o n üitice. As it is nracticnlly impossible to form sluices and drains tliat do not lose more or
less I n t e r owing to the great pressure of the volume in the lake or pond, it is better, where the supph; is
viTv iimitod to have no drain or sluice, and to draw olF tlie water when required hy a largy siphon, wluch
may easily be formed of boards; or a drain may be formed, and, instead of a sluice, a kvell of elayadoptcd
as a stonner The power of drawing off the water is seldom used, and, unless in lish-ponds, or where
freonent cleariiiir is necessary, sluices are of little use. T h e superfluous water which escapes over the
head when abundant, may form a cascade or watcrlall ; but wlicre the waste is small, it may escape at
one side as a small gurgling rill over a bed formed of well-worked clay, to prevent its working out hollows,
and covered by gravel, stones, &c., to give it a clear and natural-lookmg appearance. As the head is
cenerallv a straight mound, destitute of natural beauty, it should be disguised by small islands, or v.ined
b l S t i n g on the m a rg i? or b o th ; but as our present business is merely to describe , t ie opemtions
requisite to the formation of pieces of water, we m ust refer, lor what concerns it as a materialof landscape,
to Landscai'E-Gaudiíning. (P a rt 11. Book III.)
2382. Surfaces to im ita U nature, such as hills, knolLs, aiul all tho variety of raised surfaces
iu pleasure-grounds, arc formed hy heaping up materials m the indicated shapes ;
and valleys of equal variety, hy hollowing them out; iu both cases, studying to keep the
best earth at the surface, and so to blend the fonns with those to which they are united,
that no lino of demarcation may ever afterwards be discoi-erahlc.
nvowcdlv arHficiaL as levels, terraces, slopes, banks, beds of earth, or dung-beils, being
ohcc d S ü n c u T l ^ d out, arc executed witb equal facility and greater certainty of attaining the end or
clfpct Pormerlv the geometric sty leo f gardening afforded an ample field for the exercise of tin:, class of
oncratioiis ■ but L present they are chiefly conlincd to tlio kitchcn-garden, the sites of buildings, and a
Umited s n ^ mansion. Whatever maybe the surface destined for a court or sauareof buildincs
'IS a stable-vard or farmery, it must be reduced to a plane or planes, connoctcd m such a way as not
m in t?rfl-e w S h ^ S or clfeJt It is not essentia! that th e surface be formed to a perfect level, or to
anv oTe suVi but that ^ and connection should enter into the choice of the slopes, whatever that
m'w- be 111 kitchen-gardens it .sometimes happens that a level, or one general slope, may be adopted ,
bi t imich more frcq u litly that diifcrent slopes enter into the composition ol the enclosed suriacc. 1 hese
s G b o S i t e olineX^^^ arc all so cónnccted as to balance and hannomse, and to present to he
h S l S t c íe a work not of chaiiec, but of design and rellection. In a secmmgly leycl garden it often
1 inneK tb S rn iit o^ the compartments is leve l; but each coinparlmont oi itself forms one plane,
d iv T in ir f ? l i ih fc e S tix north wall, or some other point of the garden, and terminating on the same
level I t the extreme corners o fth e compartment, or at the lower extremity ot the garden. Besides these
n e i s the raised bordors,‘and the objects of gardens, sueb as ospaluys, bushes &c., enable
E i u l i i e r ^ I'onns and surfaces seemingly the most incongruous and unsuitable for a scene
iino modes o f r ed u c irá a n ir r e g u la r surfac e io a p la n e . The first is by taking sections
n f lh c s iilH c ^ f t pwall?! lines at every 10 or 20 feet distance, according as the surface maybe moro
oorr lleessss ii rrrrceaguullaarr •; llaayv iinn gg ddoowwnn tthheessee sseeccttiioonnss oonn ppuappueir ggeeonmmectnr icaHy, .a»n<vdi f. .rvom... t..h. .e. whole fin—dnoig............
s i t io n The stakes of all the parallel lines of levels still rcmaimng m the ground, it will be easy to
transfer the moan section by raising these stakes in some nlacos, and lowering them m otbei s, as the scale
of he dia1?am w m i r S second ancl more general mode is by apvroxiinai.on, or trial luul corrcc-
Sm whidi in Till ordinary cases, is sutlicicntly correct. Suppose au irregul.ar surfacy, 100 it. square,
is to ? e ridiu^^^^^ f o a S or plane Thcdegre cbf slope is first ascertained (by the Amoricaii or any otlier
o i l ? film th^ii^^^^^^^ square to the lower, and it is found, we shall suppose, that the groimd
I n i not eTsi V reduce to a horizontal surface. It is, therefore, determined to reduce it to a slope ; and
tor tl is determined on by the eye. tor the extremities oi the stopc ; in fixing
mi whicii t\io object is to adjiist the slope to the earth, so that the former rnay be ciomplctcd without
rv t, ntor aid or s S the lowcr side of the plot to be 2r, inches below the level of
tlTlu mer s i d S t h K is a q i a r t c r i f an inch in each toot, and a few linos of stakes can be run across
tho Lu-<nind in ’thc direction of the slope, with their tops adjusted to this declivity. Or this ^«<1' ’ai
mniti-ed and the same end attained by borning-pieces used after tbe ground bas been roughly Icvolled.
Itoi ilds fs one! among many parts ofTlic business of a gardener, which can more readily be acquired by
practice than by verbal instruction.
2383 W a lk s arc spaces in gardens fonncd for the purposes of inspecting the garden,
recreation, and canying on the operations of gardening. As one great requisite is, tliat
they should always he dry, the bottom of the walk in most cases lorins a dram. Ihere
avc three descriptions of walks common to gardens; those of gravel, sand, and grass.
All walks consist of two part.s, thcir substrata and surfacc-covenng. 1 he substratum
is o-cnerally placed in an excavation, the section of which is a segment of a circle, or au
inverted pointed arch, being deepest in the centre, ivhcrc, m wet soils mul situations, a
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