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used, as stone, brick, timber unbarkcd, or wicker-work, with moss or mud ; and another,
on the peculiar style of different countries, as English, Swedish, Italian, &c. This subject
will be found treated at length in our Encyclopæ dia o f Cottage, F a rm , a nd V iU a
A rchitecture.
2233. T h e bridge is one of the grandest decorations of gardcn-scenery, where really
useful. None require so little architectural elaboration, because every mind recognises
the object in view, and most minds are pleased with the means employed to attain that
object in proportion to thcir simplicity. There are an immense variety of bridges.
which may be classed according to the mechanical principles of their structure, the style
of architecture, or the materials used. With respect to the prin cip les o f th c ir mechanical
structure, the materials of bridges are held together, either hy their gravity, as in all
arches, whether of stone, iron, or timber; or by thcir tenacity, as in single planks, flat
bridges of iron or timber, and those new and wonderful exertions of ingenuity, suspended
bridges, of which fine examples have been executed across the Menai and the Tweed,
aud the principles of which wo have elsewhere (A n n a ls q f Philosophy, Jan. 1816) entered
into at large. With respect to styles o f architecture, the bridge affords little opportunity
of detailed display; but the openings may be circular or pointed arches, or right-
lineci, or a mixture of these. As to m a terial, bridges of tenacity are formed 'of timber or
•m-ought iron; bridges of gravity, generally of cast iron or stone; but they may be
formed of any material.
2234. S ep ulc hral structures have been adopted as parts of garden-scenery fi'om the
earliest times. They are most common in the Protestant countries of Europe, and in
England ai-e to be found in parks and pleasure-grounds in various characters and styles,
from the consecrated flowcr-pot, as at Nmicham Courtenay, to the superb mausoleum of
Trentham, of Castle Howard, or of Cobham Hall.
2235. The gate is of various forms and materials, according to those of the hairier of
which it constitutes a part. In all gates, the essential part of the construction, or those
lines wliich maintain its strength and position, and facilitate its motion, are to be distinguished
from such as serve chiefly to render it a barrier, or as decorations. On this
subject ample information will be found in the E n cyc lo p a d ias o f A g ric u ltu re , and o f C ottage,
F a rm , and V illa A rchitecture.
2236. R a ils or fences, for parks and garden-scencry, are, as to lines, similarly characterised
as gates; and, like gates, fences are of many species, from the rudest barriers
without nails or iron-work (fig . 670.), to the numerous sorts of fron and wire harriers.
Hurdles, whether of wood or
ii'on, are tho most convenient 670
description of temporaiy fences.
They are manufactured of various
forms aud dimensions, so
as to prove, as to height, and
openings between the rails,
rods, or wu'es, baniers to hares,
sheep, cattle, or deer. Where
iron fences are considered as permanent fixtures, those parts which are inserted in the
ground should be of cast iron, as resisting oxidation much better than the wi'ought
material. They ought, at the same time, to be covered with tar, pitch, or pyroligneous
acid, or, whilst hot, painted over with oil. For interior fences, poles or laths may
be formed into trellis-work of different kinds; preserving the baik of the former, and
pitching or charring the ends inserted in the eai'th. A neat low gai'den fence, or border,
and one which will last a long time, may be made of the stems of youns lai'ch trees
(fig . 671.).
2237. are unquestionably the grandest fences for parks; and arched portals,
the noblest entrances ; between these and the hedge or pale, and rustic gate, designs in
every degree of gradation, both for lodges, gates, and fences, will be found in the works
of Wright, Gandy, Eobertson, Aikin, Poeock, and other architects who have published
on the mral department of their art. The pattern books of manufacturers of iron gates
and hurdlas, and of wire-workers, may also be advantageously consulted.
k
CONVENIENT DECORATIONS.
Stjbsect. 2. Convenient D ecorations.
2238 Of convenient decorations tho variety is almost endless, from the prospeot-tower
to the rastic seat; besides aquatic decorations, agreeable to the eye and convement for
tho purposes of recreation or culture. Thoir emplacement, as m the foimer subsection,
belongs to gardenmg, and their constmction to architectm-e and engineenng ^
2239 T h e prospect-tower is a noble object to look at, and a gratifying and mstracti-ve
position to look fiom. It should be placed on the highest grounds ol «- re®“ ™“ - “
OTder to command as wide a prospect as possible, to serve as a fixed recognised point to
strangers in a tour of the grounds. It may very properly be accompanied by
a e S e f or the lower part of it may be occupied by the family of a forester, game-
IcppupT or anv rural pensioner, to keep it in order, &c. ^
2 24 0 Th e kiosque is the Chinese prospect-tower, of peculiar- construction, characterised
by numerous stories, designated by projecting roofs and pendent bells. An
example exists at Kew, and its details will be found iii the P la n s oJ the B uild in g s, &c.,
erected there hy Sir W. Chambers. Sometimes the prospect-tower is a koUow column
as in the moiiLicntal column of London, that to the memory of LoiA Nelson at
Edinburgh, and to Lord Hill at Shrewsbuiy; but the stams m such biifidings aie nc-
ccssarily too nan-ow for the prospect-tower of countiy residences ; and besides, theie can
be no rooms as resting-places, which ave absolutely necessaiy, where ease and enjoymto
are studied, and where some attention is had to the dehcaey of women, and the mfu-mi-
A I B t S v Ics, either models, or imitations of the religious buildings^ of the Greeks
a n d h e a t h e n Eomans, are sometimes introduced iu garden-scenery to give dignity and
beauty In residences of a certain extent and character, they may be admissible as imitation
« as resting-places, and as repositories of soulptm-es or antiquities. Though their
hitrodilction has been brought into contempt by its frequency, and by bad imitations m
ncrishable materials, yet they arc not for that reason to be rejected by good taste. They
iiiav often add dignity and a classic air to a scene ; and when erected of diu-able mate-
ri-Z and ?pied from good models, will, like their originals, please as independent
obi^ts Knif'-ht and some other connoissem-s of less note, disgusted by the abuse of
t S i havclu'iued, as it appears to us, too exclusively against then- introduction, and
contend for cottages as the fittest ornaments of mral scenery : but why hnnt the resoui ccs
are liable to abuse? Thatched roofs may become tiresome as
well as columns ; and if Stowe was an example of the latter earned to excess, White
Knights was as certainly of the former.
2242. Porches and porticoes
(fig . 672.) are sometimes employed
as decorative marks to the entrances
of scenes; and sometimes
merely as roofs to shelter seats or
resting benches.
2243. Alcoves (fig . 673.) are
used as winter resting-places, as
being fully exposed to the sun.
2244. A rb o u rs are used as summer
seats and resting-places : they
may be shaded with fruit-trees, as
or herbaceous as everiasring pea g «
They are generally formed of timber, lattice-work, sometimes of woven lods, oi wiokei
7 2 « ! ' n r 7 7 ? ? K ? - 67ft-) is generally covered with a dome often framed
of thick fron or copper wfre painted, and covered with vmes or honeysuckles.
2246 T h e Fren ch arb our (fig . 675.) is chai'actcriscd by the vai'ious lines and surfaces
„atiirally in the gi-onnds of a residence, as
at Piercefield Corby Castle, &c., or can be readily formed, are to be_rega,rded moie as
singularities or picturesque objects than as places of use or enjoyment m this climate ; m
" ? 7 7 r 7 7 e 7 ti?7 “ ?cluse situations, mdely covered.externffily, and
within finished with shells, corals, spars, cfystallisations, “ I °“ er marine ^
productions, according to fancy. To add to the effect pieces of looking-glass are
“ % ^ f : r : l t Z Z i T m Z \ o u s e s , J U n t houses, bark huts, and similar con-
str?e7 s Z di7 e ? modes of forming resting-places oootaming seats OTds— ^^^
Other furnitm-e or conveniences in or near them. Very neat buildings and fumituie o
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