sUlii- on tho outsitlo ol tne lower oi ioi. o an u iu » ; « n u mu ouu*™....«. - s pubhc
buildings and private dwellings, and, above all, with the beauty of its environs. Country
scats, groves, and lakes, ho says, are to ho seen evciy where from the ramparts ; and m the
snramor, tho island of Zealand looks like a highly cultivated garden. Ih c ptaiccs of
private individuals in the city and iieighboiirliood are worthy of being royal residences.
428. Ccnwteries. The burial-ground at Copeuliagen is about a mile distant h'om t le
citv l i k e the cemeteries in Mussulniaii countries, it stands by the roadside. Ih e
cemetery of the Uaiiisli capital is a miniature of Père la Chaise. Tlie graves are all
decked with flowers. Some of the epitaphs and devices are very fanciful. One motto
consists of tho sentence, “ Not lost, hut gone bcibre ; ” another, “ I shall see you agiun :
a third in Danish verse, m ay b e thus translated ; “ Rest, O sweetly rest d e a r,m the
varden of the dead, amid groves, and flowers, and tears ; till little angels, hearing the
“ foi-o-et me n o t,’ shall summon mo to join thee in eternity.” Ono grave contains tho
renmins of a mother, whose hushaild and cliiklren are represented iii marble, as doves
brooding over tho dust of hor they loved. Tho ages of tho little ones are rcprosoiited by
the size of the iiostliiigs, and the widowed mate covers with his wings the last half-flcdgcd
pledo-e of coniiigal love [!]. Tho scenery around is hcautifiil ; hut the cypress ami
nvrtlc lu-o wanting. Tho Jews have hero, as always, a sepai-ate huryiiig-groimd. Tlicir
corpses me interred in a standing position, with the face turned towards Jcrusaloni.
{Elliott's Letters from the North o f Europe, p. 02.)
S ubsect. 2. Gardening, in Denmark, iu respect to Flowers, Plants o f Ornament, and
Botanic Gardens.
429. The floiuers generally cultivated in Denmark are, roses, carnations, stocks,
hvacintlis, tulips, &c. ; and herbaceous, biennial, and annual plants. Great collections
of stove aud greenhouse plauts, except of the old species, ai-c not commonly seen m
noblemen or gL lom o n ’s gardens. The lino New Holland plants, such as hanksias,
cpacris all the new acacias and melaloucas, &c., are wanting, except wlmt there are m
the botanic gardens. Great and flnc eollcctious of American p j t s as Rhodoc midrm,
Azalea, Magndhd, &o., are very rare ; at least the faner kinds cultivated m Britain ; they
all rco u ircth e protection of a house during severe winters, and to be kept in pots or
tubs. In this way oven the common lam'cl must he treated. A floncultural society
was established at Copenhagen in 1830 ; and the reigning iaimly are mdeiitly attached
to every department in giu-dening. • , t .
430 Botanic gardens in Denmark ivcrc cstabhshed at an early period. In 1600, a
medical botanic gai-dcn was established at the university’s hmldmgs in Copenhagen ;
but it was fcchly supported, and on so small a scale, that the united zeal of O. Woim,
J . Tuireii, Simon Paidi, the Bartolonis, and 01. Borck t a j l i e science of hota.iy,
could not raise its reputation to an equality vyitli a later cstahhshmon J f the J ™
laid out at the palace of Rosenborg, hy P. Kyllmg, and by lum called Hoitiis Cliiis-
tiaiicus. Among distinguished men the taste for botany declined in DcnniaA, and
from the heginniiig till nearly the middle of the eighteenth century, the kmgdom had not
a sino-lc botanist : for tho Buchwalts, who taught tho science, did not deserve the name.
But the great luminai-y of Sweden shed a light over all the iicighhouriiig states : .a taste
for the knowledge of plants was created ; and from this time eminent men, as F. Holm,
C F Rottboll, and J . Zocga, showed, by their useful exertions that the science was
cmhraced with much avidity, and that a love of it became general over all Europe. In
1762 a skilful pupil of the llallorian school arrived from Goi-many, who afterwards
bccanio professor of botany in this university. By his ability, and the fostcmig care of
the then ministers. Count A. G. Moltko, and Count Thott, botany, as well as otlier
scicnces, was greatly promoted. A new and largo botanic garden was laid out m the
same year at the custom-house, which was graciously presented to the university hy
ICng Ei-oderick V., who also endowed it with an annual grant of money. At this time
Oeder was on his travels, collecting plants and drawings for the Flora Datuca, of which
ho was the first author ; Jo h n Zoega, brother to the celebrated are læologist J o g a ,
and a beloved pupil of Dinnæus, was lecturer -, and the cultivation of the plants -was
conducted by an cxceUent Dutch gardener of tho name of Koescmaktar. When C o t e
and Zoega gOTe up the pursuit of botany, the one for that of ngncultiirc, and the other
for that of finance, C. F. RotthoU, tho professor of medicine, aud who, since 17 < I, had
S v en Seetures on botany, was made superintendent of the garden. Tins gentleman’s
works wore chiefly extracted from the lahoms and discoveries of his pupil, J . G. Ronig,
in the Bast Indies, and arc well known : hut Ids valuable monograph of Epidcndrttm
placed him in the first rank as a practical botanist. During Ins direction tlj® K
w-is removed to Cliarlottoiiburg, in 1778, w-licro it now remains. In tlic following
year tlic celebrated botanist JMartin Vabl, just arrived from tbe prosecution^ of liis
studies at Upsal, was appointed lecturer on botany ; but soon gave up the office, in consequence
of a disagi-ecmcnt between himself and some others with respect to regulations
connected with the establishment, M. Valil set out on a botanical excursion
over Europe and part of Africa, and ivas succeeded in the lecturcshii) hy his }uipil, Iftic
Wiborg. After this time, the garden was inqiroved, in consequence of its connection
Avith other establishments of the kind ; and though it Avas strictly a royal garden, the
entire use of it Avas given up to the university. Rottboll (lied in 1797, having bequcallied
the A\-hole of his interesting hcrharium to the garden ; Avhich being niiitcd Avith Avhat it
before contained, viz. the collections of Rolander and Forskiil, added _ much _ to the
value of the institution. Rolander was a native of SAveden, and a pupil of Linnæus.^
He made a voyage to Surinam, Avhcre he collected many rarities in natural history, of
Avliicli he gave a description in the Latin language. Returned froiu his travels m
Surinam, he Avcnt to Copenhagen, and, being in Avant of money, sold his herbarium an<l
journal to the professor of physic at the university, IG-atzcnsteiii, who immediately
presented both to Rottboll. The manuscript was aftenvards given to tho privy counsellor
Count Thott ; and Avhen the great library of this nobleman was sold, Vahl had
the good fortune to purcliase the MS., Avhich contained much valuable matter. (See
Hornemann’s L ife o f Rolander.) The hortus siccus of Forskiil was of great importance ;
and though, after its arrival at Copenhagen, it Avas mismanaged and deranged, it still
contains many good specimens. Vahl aud Scliimiaclicr Avcrc entrusted by Rottboll to
arrange this collection ; and they, luiAuiig had leave to select some of the diqilicates for
themselves, have, consequently, preserved the best. Rottboll’s collection is uoav of no
great consequence, especially as Vahl has described the best in his Symbola Botanica.
After the death of tho naturalist, V. C. Abildgaard, professor at the veterinary college,
Viborg succeeded as director of this school, in 1801 ; and, having previously been elected
author for the continuation o f the Flora Danica, &e., Avas also made professor of butaiiy.
Before the year 1754, botany Avas not considered as a science requiring a special ¡iro-
fossor ; and, therefore, Avas usually attached to medicine. Oeder Avas the first botanical
professor ; but, on his retiring, it again merged into the professorship of medicine, and
so continued till Viborg’s appointment. During Valil’s direction, and witli the able
assistance of the snpcrintendent, F. L. Uolboll, the culture of the plants received quite a
ncAv impulse : their names Avcre corrected ; useless ciicumhranccs cleared aAvny ; and a
ncAv classification and general arrangement adopted. In 1801, M. Petersen Avas appointed
lecturer in botany. His biglincss tho Duke of Augustcnburg, who was an
active member of the directory, strongly recommended tlic improvement ol the garden to
the king, who granted a liberal sum of money to pay off the debts of the establishment,
and to build a uoav hothouse, &c. Vahl died in 1804 ; and huAing, in his latter years,
occupied much of his time in composing his Enumeratio Flantarum, had conseiiiiently
had but little time to dedicate to the garden : Professor Iloriicmann, author of the Flora
Danica, succeeded to the united offices of professor and lectiu-cr in botany.
The vrcseni botanic garden of the university 132.) is situated _ at (^-harlottonburp, and contains
soincAvW more than five English acres, inclusive of builclnigs ; this, with all appurtcnanccs, Avas m
1817, presented to his majesty, who, at the same time, ordered the director to resign, and decreed that
in future the direction should be solely vested in the university.
The plants in the Charlotlcnburg botanic garden are numbered, and correspond with f i e Enunicr^io
Plantai-um Ilorti Regii Batanicillnfniensis, 2 vols. 8vo, which the protessor published in 1813 and 1^81.5.
T h e specific and generic characters being given in this work lor ey c ft plant, the student is enabled,
with Its assistance, to make his own examination ; and should he wish to consult other authorities, le
goes to the library, which is open a t certain hours of the day, and looks a t any book it contains, i he
work above-mentioned is published a t bis Danish majesty’s expense, on the condition th at tho proceeds
from the copies sold be applied to tho purchase of botanical works for th e use of the library ; and by
such means many books have been procured, which were before very much wanted. I he commercial
intercourse of Denmark with tho rest pf the world, and the liberal intercommunication between this
liotanic garden and simitar establishments, liave incredibly increased the number of plants. All useless
or supernumerary plants have been banished, to make room ; and in 1811 another quarter of an English
acre, fenced and prepared, was added by the generosity of the king ; who also, to provide sufficient protection
for exotics, assisted to erect a stove about seventy-two leet in length, and calculated to hold
2000 plants in pots. Besides this, there are two greenhouses, one Cape house, one dry stove for succn-
leiits and two other small houses. The Hortus Upsalensis, first published in 1748, contained descriptions
of only 1400 plants ; a t present it contains certainly not less tliaii 15,000, known to be perloctly
distinct species. These, perhaps, have been improperly swelled by varie tie s; and botanists have to
regret that tho number of species has been surreptitiously augmented by careless intermixture, and
Romctimes by the silly vanity of authors or cultivators. AA’hen identical characters arc constant, it has
been the custom with botanists to consider this circumstance as a proof tiiat they are specilic ; and
accordinglv they have placed such in their lists as species, when, in lact, they should have been only
entered as varietie,s. T h e celebrated P hilip Miller found it impossible to bring tlie Daueus Caròta
(Daucus sylvéstris MiU.), from its wild slender habit, to the full size of the old cultivated variety ; and
therefore concluded th at they must be distinct species. But his trial was not long enough cqntiiiued
to decide the question : cultivation for a few years cannot have the elTeet of cultivation iii all kinds ol
soils and situations for centuries ; and therefore his experience was, m this case, defective.
The collection o f plants in the Charloticìiburg botanic garden consists, a t present, of above 8000 species.
A few of them have been purchased ; but they have been ehiofly supplied by the kind attention of (.o rmali
travellers, and others friendly to the establishment, who are in (oreign statums. Of tiftsc, it is
b ut justice to mention, with respect, the names of .Shousboe, consul-general a t T an g ie r; 1 rqlessor
................................................ofessor € . Smith, o fth e same place, but who fell a victim Palkc, of Cliristiania ; Professor ( to Ins zeal, bclore