l ! ; to
^ * ■ 1 ! l í f r é t o : .
. r ' i i r é iVr é ' í í - t i i
_; l'torélrélto* i:
I f l ■’ . I ? | 1 ' Í í ' j t o
P r é ! v i Ito iréta
' % | r é H . V t a r é ,
' r l t ’S í r é i , ' :■
I v v i i é r é : ' I
5778. In regard to cx enj, t le least is a group (flg. 924. c ancl d), which must consist a t least of two
p la n ts ; la rg ^ , it is called a thicket (l> c) ; round and compact, it is called a clump (a) ■ still larger a
mass ; and all above a mass is denominated a wood or forest, and characterised by comparative degrees
of largeness. T h e term wood may be applied to a large assemblage of trees, either natural or artificial •
fo rest, exclusively to the most extensive or natural assemblages. a r u n c ia i,
o779. m th respect to the outline, or ground-plan o fa plantation, the simplest disposition is that of -i
row or line, which may be either straight or crooked, as in hedges, or lines of trees • next that of Vnv
determinate shape, as round, exemplified m th e clump; square, in th e platoon; oblong in either
fillT feY ré í“ ” "'»"” ’“ “ "s, or belts ; irregular or intieterminate, in thickets, liasses, and
6780. With re sp a t to ttm disposition ofthe trees within the plantation, they may be olacod regularly in
rows, sonaros, parallelograms, or quincunx ; irregularly in the m anner of grí.ups j without undermotoths
as in g) ores ; with undcrgrowths, as m woods ; all undergrowths, as in copscwoods. Or they may form’
avenues, double avenues, avenues intersecting in the manner o f a Greek cross, o fa St. Andrew’s crosT
of a riar, or of a duck’s foot (paite d'oie). They may form regular glades, or iLeg u lar glades glades
sq u a re s; glades, as squares en herceau, or as squares en salons and en
5781. With respect to íAc character o f tree plantations, they may be as various as there are species • but
for general effect ancl designation, woody plants are classed as large or small, trees or undergroi^ths
deciduous or evergreen, round-headed or spiry-topped ; and plantations of every form and disposition
may be planted with these, either separately or mixed. Thus we haye groups of shrubs groups of high
ancf low growths, and of trees ; plantations of round-headed and spiry-toppe4 trees mix¿d oTtrees á S
' "*■ f t copscwoods and osier plantations. ’
5782. \Vith respect to botanical character, tyey may be arranged as an arboretum, or one of every genus
pft® -ft ‘‘ft" " a
ClIAP. III.
Formation o f Plantations, in which Utility is the principal Object.
5783. The formation o f useful plantations embraces th e situation, soil, form, species of
tree, fencing, an d o th er considerations.
re'Tre'- ^ s i t u a t i o n and deep rich soil would be the most proper, if the object of the planter was
to obtain the greatest bulk ol timber m the shortest time ; but this would not be profitable planting, for
such a soil woulcl, m a l profoibihty, have made greater returns under common farming. ITie profits of
fi T v >‘i^ V'i? quantity of timber produced, but on that quantity relatively to
tne value ol the soil tor agricultural purposes. Such situations and soils a" *be'» —profitably-- -s-u- bjected
to aration or permanent pasiure, win rarely oe lound to yield an equ..« irofit if piMla.ini.tbecdu ww.ilth.. trees.
Suppose a piece of groimd to let a t 2Qs. per acre for pasture or arable, to be planted a t an expense of
? /■ I A f t ft® per cent, for th e money expended, it ought
to yield 80s. a y^ar ; but as the returns are not yearly, but say a t the end of every fifteen ye<Rs, wfcn
the whole may be cut down jis copse, then the amount of 30s. per annum, at 5/. per cent compound
interest, being 32/ 8 ^ , every fall o f copse made a t the interval of fifteen years, ought to produce that
no^iF fe'®*"® r expenses. Hence, with a view to profit from the fall of timber or copsewood,
no situation capable of much agricultural improvement should be planted, unless a certain part is done
A L r LJ/ sheltering the r e s t ; or for the purposes of separation and fencing.
, V ro may be the nature q f Ike soil, the subsoil ought to be rendered drv if t.aennUfriCoAfl ftroo ntil I'TUO" . Tt ,n' r"O *#> onm, ai*Qiri-e t<Vj ,Q-T-r- I xq liroroA ..rlrororo.» klroirroo/wOgTO«T«., n, 3 1 _n_t/_cu.rtof/.C U uT.OTy if the plaiits ute in-
but where iVt i• s to bK e fallowed or trenTchLed’,’ ®u nder-drains fbte®c ome reqfut isite.f t uItn fiJsm t-rguoe m tuhcehse p wreiplla riant itoimn è;
be Choked up by the roots o f th e trees ; but by th a t period, as no more culture wUl be ?LuisU
TntLdL^FnfT-’T • ®TF’’®"-i 1^® "^ situations, as steep sides of hills and rocky irregular surfaces, db
Ffethi r hfeVèLTfFn/ fe ®°’^ comminution previously to planting ; but wherever th a t can be dène,
rio n b L ^ ÌL T year’s subjection to_.the plough, it will be found amply to repay thè
idgerows, as th<-----
general mode o
J otototCs, less necessai,
u ■■ danger of the soil being washed away by
Norfolk adH hiliy districts, or blown about by th e wind, as in some parts of
o nToJ h T a sandy districts, preparation by a year’s fallow, or by trenching two spits deep,
T T n L f e c f T a ®fe re'll loss, by retarding the attainment of the object derired. T h ere are
è f n w T f T f I P ft" ‘a fo n s from oaks dibbled into soil altogether unimproved ; and
Flrt T / f e L T c sowftB f t e seeds on a heath or common, a id excluding
ft®s® •'“•e ra re cases, and th e time required, and th i
instances of failure, are not mention«.. The practice is obviously too rude to be recommended as one
a ie feréfJÌfeT T i f t ‘ Without any other culture but inserting the seeds or plants,
r è L r e T T F r T i i f e i è r ® ^oody growths, as broom, furze, &c. “ The ground which is
ra the r half covered, with jumper and heath,” says Buffon, “ is already a wood half m ade.”
Osier plantations are an exception to these remarks, as to th e value of the situation and soil ; they
iT ii, V .fri 1 T 4 4 4 ' ®®l I ft* fefe® "®‘ ®Prftgy. or continually saturated with water ; and it will
L ife feii A i without trenching it two or more feet deep,
nhfofii ? piaiRations for profit or shelter must be determined jointly by the situation and the
i i l i f S,, i t S 'fe (M - 925-), the phmtation will consist of a numher of masses (n.
b, c), 01 loims determined by the rocks and precipices, among which some o fth e most valuable pasture
I
R o o k V. F O R M A T IO N O F P L A N T A T IO N S .
925
no to increase the expense of tillage by short and irregnlar turnings Itra lg h i m S e l s t r S inTrre
guUir surfaces, have a more varied appearance a t a distance, than strips ever so much varied on a flat
surface ; for, in the former case, the outline against the sky is varied as much as that on the eferth b?
extensive hil y pastures m which it is often desirable to produce shelter, and at th fs a iS e tiL e to p la S
only th e most rocky and unproductive spots, the forms may be of the most irregular desc rintioT and
SL'teT'lm^ireTSf gro¥n7rT^il«i'pii ^ ft®
ductive 111 copse or timber, and the greatest richness and
picturesque beauty conferred on tlie landscape. There are
926
some fine examples of this on the hilly districts of Fifeshire
; there, on many estates where nothing was sought
for but profit and shelter, the greatest beauty has been
produced ; and tlie picturesque tourist now passes through
o788. The enclosing of plantations is too essential a part of
their formation to require enlarging on. In al! those of
small extent, as hedges and strips, it is the principal part of
the expense ; but to plant in these forms, or any other, w ithout
enclosing, would be merely a waste of labour and property.
The sole object of fencing being to exclude the domestic
quadrupeds, it is obvious, th at whatever, in the given
¿tu a tio n , is calculated to effect this a t the least expense, the
first cost and future repairs ormanagement being taken into
consideration, must be the best. Where stones abound on
th e spot, a wall is the best and cheapest of all fences as
such ; but, m the great majority of cases, recourse is obliged
to be had to a verdant fence of some sort, and generally to
one of hawthorn. This being itself a plantation, requires to
be defended by some temporary barrier, till it arrives at
maturity ; and here the remark ju s t made will again apply
th a t whatever temporary barrier is found cheapest in the
given situation will be the best. Hedge fences are in general
accompanied by an open drain, which, besides actin«-
in its proper capacity, furnishes, at its formation, a quantity
o f soil to increase the pasturage of the hedge plants • and
an excavation (y?g-.927. a), and an elevation ( / ) , to aid in
th e formation of a temporary fence. A hedge enclosing a
plantation requires oniy to be guarded on the exterior side ; and, of the various ways in which this is
done, the following may be reckoned among the best and most generally applicable B? a l mien drain
™om?hl^boMo ™ ™ ^*'® Pftft® ft'®“ ®»! f t o f stone, or iii a facing of subsoil
of tlie drain,
backed by the
earth of the drain
( b ) ; an excellent
mode, as the
plants generally
thrive,and scarcely
ever require
r é
- rt_ro.__XX^.
rdeSLiTT"lT T[ d v t e e T rfn 'L T f e ’’? ’'■'ft ‘i*® ft® ftp Of t“® elevation (c) ; no open ftQemwrpooYrla rroy Vh, edAA® g e ocrf fou®r‘z“e6 saafm lloo-naa mmnn,, ttnnh-cee essinuuYrrlliaawccieet --ttouu,-,rr,?vv ee*ss1 ,^ffo orr mm ee dd _ii_nn_ttoo_ *.aa inn._aarjr rrooww r-rriiddggee,, ttoo. . ssee, rrvv,ee, aass aa nnaa. lliinn,®gg. i aa
S on ¡ r " summit, and the permanent hedge of thorn or holly within (S) ;
The fi.T I f ihplT T a .ft®,'"Side, the exterior being protected by a steep bank sown with furze ( ¿ !
timber ii T f i h T T fe q® "}ost general, the second the best, and the fourth the cheapest, where
“ Llfa ro n t a i l ' commonly formed in the first, second, o r third manner,
inoruSc. 01 f prociuing shelter for them during ™ exposed therr ejirlu that it «mirfh is extremoly Ti.ic diflicult 5«, „ufroiroroA
to roar trees »-¡thont somc Tnw?n? sfeferiefe f only limited; by thick planting, or by planting the more hardy and rapid-
T T T f in f e fef nnr? T f ^ .. ^‘-----® *".. . ®. . . ‘ ®ro, roro-.roro.. . , “ » t ultimately . V..,. a tCly 111,/!more C »vahiable.tlHlClUlC. AUU
The
F w h 1 increased of the habit ef f.according rriT.(f an'rpcriroto »icT,the » bleakness iroi ......o-A o fro f th e site. Pontey says,
c iT l i L h n n L L nc T ®’’® Tl fUro -.roro—roroki ro*. „ r iL
X -rt T-®s e ro fu as .n
orring egregionsly, in regard to the proportion of prin-
T T L ’.®r T®‘®’ f t c ftr™®‘ ‘T i"«®*- Ltho»g.to> ft ft
^ f‘'‘i ‘T feT® ’“ f t **®® f t ’'®® ft-®® ‘'•s ‘"'•"y of ft® •‘■ftter as of the former.' F or h'iriance?
iU ff n r ? c a ff occupies a surface of IG f t . ; of course, four of them will occupy
T ? h f hP nfcT a L ’ ,T A®JfeT®’ P’“"* f*“ ®® nui'ses to one principal tree, all the former
might be displaced gradually, and the latter would still stand only 8 ft. apart. Nurse plants should in
flr cYy np',o',snsTibírléer éc,a7sr;;e®'',r ;K1Li''® /„V/T •‘'*® ®‘® v''"a.l'“u«aObl'«e 'aItt aaon oeaarrllyy ppeerriioodd ooff ggrroowwtthh.. TThhee llaarrcchii aanndd sspprruuccee
si onld ilT .fe p nil n ? ®''®’‘y.®®®® ft®y " ’¡ft Syow freely; still it is not intended th a t they
S t ?! X p r n n l iT I ’ P T ’®“ ft>'ly ft'fch, wliich has most of the properties of a good nurse,
HkVfefp fT branches and quick growth, on any tolerable soil or situation. It is not, however
like tho others, a wood of general application.” (Profltable Planter, p. 113.) Sang also èdopts thè
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