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4293. P ro p a g a tio n . The apple, like most other
hardy trees, may he propagated by seeds, cuttings,
suckers, layers, or engrafting: by seeds, for obtaining
new varieties, and by the other modes for
continuing such as arc in esteem.
4294. B y seeds. The first business here is, the
choice of the seeds ; which should be taken from
fruits, having tho properties it is de.sired to per-
petuate or improve in the greatest degree. The
sorts of aqplcs proper for crossing or reciprocal
impregnation, appear to be those which have a
great many qualities in common, and somo different
qualities. Thus the golden pippin has been
crossed by other pippins or rennets, and not by
calvils or codlings. A small-sizcd apple, crossed
hy a large sort, will be more certain of producing
a new variety than th e above mode ; but will be
almost equally certain of producing a variety destitute
of valuable qualities; the qualities of parents
of so opposite natures being, as it were,
crudely jumbled together in the offspring,
4295. K n ig h t's mode of cutting out the stamens
of the blossom to be impregnated, and afterwards,
when the stigma is m ature, introducing the pollen
of the other parent, is unquestionably the most
scientific mode of performing th e operation. In
tliis way he produced the Downton, red and yellow
Ingestrie, and Grange pippins, from th e same
parents ; viz. th e seed of the orange pippin, and
th e pollen of tbe golden pippin. The Bringewood
pippin he produced from golden pippin blossoms
(divested of their stamens) dusted, w ith the polleu
of the golden Harvey apple. He has not, howe
v e r been so successful in obtaining superior varieties
of apples as he has been with regard to
pears, cherries, and plums. The seeds may be
sown ill autumn, in light earth, covered an inch,
and either in pots or beds. The end of the lirst
year they should be transplanted into nursery
rcHvs, frorafi in. to 1 ft. apart every way. Afterwards
they should be removed to where they are
to produce fru it; and for this purpose the greater
the distance between th e plants the better. It
should not be less than 6 ft. or 8 ft. every way.
The quickest way to bring them into a bearing
stale, Williams, of Pitmaston, considers { lloi-t.
T ra n s ., vol. i. p. .333.), is to let the pkants be furnished
with lateral shoots from the ground upward.?
; so disposed as that the leaves of the upper
shoots may not shade those situiited underneath,
pruning away only trifling shoots. This mode of
treatmentoccurred tohim on reflecting on Knight’s
Th eo ry o f the Circulation q f the Bap. Observing
th e change in the appearance of the leaves of his
seedling plants as the trees advanced in growth,
he thought it might be possible to hasten the p rogress
of the plants, and procure th at peculiar organisation
of the leaf, necessary to the formation
of blossom-buds, a t a much earlier age. He in
consequence adopted the mode above described,
and succeeded in procuring fruit from seedling
apples at four, five, and six years of age, instead
of waiting eight, ten, and even fifteen years, which
must be th e case by th e usual mode of planting
close, and pruning to naked stems.
429C. Macdonald, an eminent Scotch horticulturist,
has also succeeded in obtaining fruit from
seedlings a t an early period by grafting, already
stated (2446.) as one of the uses of that mode of
propagation. In 1808, he selected some blossoms
of the nonpareil, which he impregnated with the
pollen of the golden pippin and of th e Newtown
pippin. When the apples were fully ripe, he selected
some of the best, from which he took the
seeds, and sowed them in pots, which he placed ii
a frame. He had eight or nine seedlings, which
he transplanted into th e open ground, in the spring
of 1809. In 1811, he picked out a few of the strongest
plants, and put them singly into pots. In
the spring of 1812, he observed one of the plants
showing fruit-buds. He took a few of the twigs,
and grafted them on a healthy stock on a w a ll;
and in 1813 he had a few apples. In the year 1816
his .seedling yielded sevcrai dozens, and als.i his
g ra fts ; and he mentions, th a t the apples from the
grafts were the largest. He is of opinion that in
giving names to seedlings, raised in Scotland, the
w o rd “ Scotch” should be mentioned. On this
practice Mr. Thompson rema rk s;— “ The mode
of grafting seedlings on old but healthy trees is
certainly to be preferred for bringing them into a
bearing state. It is true, that hy allowing the
laterals to extend themselves, fruit will be obtained
at an earlier age thau if th e growth of wood
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