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bearing seeds, should havo their roots thinned where practicable, and thcir leaves carefully
preserved, and fully exposed to the sun, air, and weather. Roots are presci-vcd by
burying in tho earth ; by being placed in a low, dry temperature, like fru it; or by being
kept dry,* or dried by m 't; or by having thcir buds scooped out, when not intended for
vegetation.
2720. L ea fsta lks arc increased in size in the same way as roots, by a rich, deep, well-
pulverised soil, by preventing the plant from producing blossoms, or even ilower-stalks,
and by thinning out weak or crowded leaves. Leaf-stalks arc blanched to lesson thcir
acrimony, as in the celery, asparagus, and cliavdoon, or used in a green state, as in the
rhubarb aud angelica. They are preserved to a certain extent in cool, dry, but well-ventilated
situations; some sorts, as celery, similarly to roots. The stems of some plants, as
tlic asparagus, arc used like leaf-stalks.
2721. Leaves. Abundant nourishment supplied by the usual means; abundant
moisture, and room for expansion of growth ; free exposure to light and air ; thinning,
aud preventing the appearance of ilower-stalks, will iu general insure lai-ge succulent
leaves, which arc sometimes used separately and green, as in th c spinach and white b e e t;
in tufted or compact heads, as in the cabbage and le ttu c e; or hlanclicd, as in the endive.
Leaves of the headed or tufted sorts may be preserved similarly to leaf-stalks; others, as
those of most salads, require to be used immediately; while most herbs arc dried, before
being used, either on small Idlus or ovens, or iu the sun, at the time the plant begins to
blossom.
2722. Flowers. These arc produced for culinaiy purposes, medicine, and ornament.
The principal of those grown for culinary pin-poscs arc the cauliflower and broccoli; and
here tho first object is to produce a large and vigorous plant, by abundant nourisliment
and moistui-e, in a temperate, moist, but not over-warm climate. Free room for the roots
and leaves to extend on every side must be given, and the situation should be open and
exposed to the iiill liglit of the atmosphere ; though, if in very hot weather the direct
influence of the sun’s rays be impeded by a screen at a moderate distance, there will be
less risk of over-rapid growth. Wlicn tiic plant is fully grown, the flower appears, and,
in the case of the sorts mentioned, is gathered while the fasciculus of blossom is in
embryo. Such flowers may be preserved, on the same principle as stalks and headed
leaves, for a moderate period. Other flowers used for culinaiy purposes, as those of
the nasturtium, caper, &c., for pickling, require less attention, the object being flavour
rather than magnitude.
2723. Flowers fo r medical purposes should have no culture whatever; for, in proportion
as they are increased in bulk they arc diminished in virtue. For ornament, flowers are
enlarged, increased in niimbcv, rendered double, and variegated iu a thousand ways, by
excess of nourishment, peculiar nourishment, and raising from selected and curiously
impregnated seed : these arc called florists’ flowers. Other flowers arc grown for ornament,
-with a moderate degree of culture, which enlarges their parts generally : such are
border-flowcrs. Others avc groivn, as much as possible, without producing any change
in their parts, as iu botanical collections, whether hardy or exotic.
2724. Bark produced by British gardening is applied only to one purpose, that of
tanning. Little or no culture is ever given expressly to increase or improve the bark ;
but abundant nourishment and all the requisites of vegetable growth will increase that
p art of the plant in common with others. Moss, or any other cortical parasites, should
1)C removed. Bark is best separated from the wood, when the sap is ascending with
tho greatest vigour, late iu spring.
2725. Wood. The production of timber, and coppice-wood or small timber, is an
important and extensive branch of gardening. Timber is propagated in various ways,
but the principal sorts generally from seed, either sown where it is finally to axTivc at
maturity, or in nurseiy gardens, and transplanted into prepared or unprepared groimd.
Tlie growth of all timber may be greatly increased by culture, and especially by deeply
turning over, and pulverising the soil previously to planting or sowing, ancl stftring it,
and removing weeds afterwards. The timber is also produced in the most useful, or in
any desired form, as in trunks or branches, straight or crooked, or in spray or small shoots,
by pruning. But as it is chiefly desired in the form of a straight stem or trunk, pruning
is particularly useful in this respect, especially when joined to judicious thinning, to allow
of the beneficial effects of air, and the motion produced by wind. Though pruning
and pulverising the soil are undoubtedly of great use in hastening the growth of trees
when young, and consolidating their timber as they grow old, yet planting trees in a more
rich, warm, and moist soil than is natural to them, is to bo avoided. The timber of the
Scotch pine and the oak, grown in deep fertile valleys, or in alluvial depositions, is found
to be less hai-d, tough, and durable, than when grown in colder situations and thinner
soils. This doctrine applies more especially to the resinous tribe of tunber trees, which,
as every one knows, thrive best in cold regions, produced by elevation in warm countries,
as iu the Alps of Italy, or by high latitudes, as in Russia and Sweden. Where timber
Is grown for fnol, the more rapidly it is made to grow, wlietlicr by cnltnrc or the choice
t Z Z Z t o Z Z greater will bo the produce and p rL ? « t h ?
a given period. The prcseiwation of timber from fungi, insects, diw rot L d n lh .L
decay, is effected by immersion in water or in earth, cL ip lc te d c s ic Ja ti? to the L ?
air, or by saturation with coiTosive sublimate of mercury ’
2726. U A e eu ifepM i is produced, to gardening, for ornament, to herbs shrubs and
tices, but especially in exotics; sometimes for culinaiy purpo,scs, as in tlie fungi’ imd
fiici i for purposes of general economy, as in liodgo-plants • for slioltcr and sh-u e fo
Inardy trees ; and for picturesque effect, in trees and sl.rnbs in pmks ? 4 a s L £
grounds. In general, the object of culture for this piu-pose ought to bo to aive e ? b
individual plant sufflcicnt nourishment aud sp.ace fully to expand itself and as it wei-e
to show and express its nature or eharacter : but tbotagh t i r ? 1 o t o a L lV
houses and artificial p rd c n s , it is to general but parttolly aceomplislicd e ? n to toe
turesyie scenery m the oiron air, where tho object is connecten an dL rmfo in ro f d
S e c t . II. O f tlw Beauty and Order o f Garden Scenery.
2727. To unite the agreeable with the usefulia an object common to all the denarfineiits
of ganlening. The kitehen-garden, tho oitoiai-d, the L r s e i - y ,? ? t e forest aé -fa lM
tended as scones of recreation and visual enjoyment, as well as of useful ciilturo*- and
enjoyment is the avowed object of the flower-garden, shrubbery, and pleasuro-ffi-oiind
Utihty, ho-wc-ver, will stand the test of examination longer and more froqucntly than an-v
scene merely beautiful; and hence the hortieiiltural aiid planting d e 3 n £ n t s of g ?
demng aic, in fact, more tho scenes of enjoyment of a family constantly residino- at their
country scat, than the orn.amental or pictLesqiio dopartmen?
? ? ? »"> modern stylo of gardening became prevalent, and absorted the
? t h •, of their ompioycrs, that beauty and neatness may be dispensed
with m a k itch en -p rd cn ; but this is to assign too exclusive limits to the terms bcautv
and neatness ; and, in tmth, may be considered as originating to the -¿«“ 4 0 1™ to
confounding beauty with ornament, which latter quality” s t.nqliestionabfy 4 t csscnLl
to scenes of uti ity. Every depai-tmcnt of gardening has objects or final results pcculiar
to itself ; and the mam beauty to each of these departments will consist in the perfection
with which these results are attained ; a secondaiy beauty will consist in the te n la y of'
skill 111 the means taken to attain them ; and a third to the conformity of these m « a ? to
the generally rcecivcd ideas of order, propriety, and decorum, wliich exist in cultivated
and weU-replated minds. I t is the business of this section to offer some general obscr
27? ¿ ¿ « - L T n s V of order, ¿7¿ propriety, and L e o i™ 0 . Graf?, it has been well observed is “ Honvnn’« fivcf- lour” t* • • -» -i i
t e s t “/ ! ? ' " " ‘4 e i ill l i f ? é « e ?M thé
most fertile m resources ; and with it much m ay b e aeeomplishcd with r a / s f e i t e
means. A mind incapable of an orderly and refi'ular disnosifinn nf ifo irinoo •
te n s atoll d is p li^ am a n confused a n d ? is o r d « L to h t oe e g ? 'Le?
without a specihc object in view ; conttouo them at random, o - from liabit ito th te
knowing well why, till some accident or discordant result piUs an e ? l {« I k L e ?
piogiess, unmans him for life, or awakens reflection. But a wcll-ordcred mind rofleets
arranges, and systématisés ideas before attempting to realise them weighs well tho end
L S » » t e »
» » I t‘é
mastci-gardeners, whose cares are so vai-ious, and the success of whose operations
which directs the choice and adaptation of means to ends, and of idea! J id ohieeL £
cases and situations. It belongs to order for a master to allow workmen proper periods
foi lest and refreshment ; propriety dictates the time and duration of these neriods a d
" P.®®'“ ® ®rfabiislSl j é / e C !
for hotbeds, and to cart it into“ t e M m t o / £ i L L d L 1 ? £ o d T th '“s ®f
f e e n it is w-antod; but it is decorous to h a L th e wo’rl! p c r S 1 c a i t Î Ï ho . 1 - IL L
‘0 4 = t o
2731. Neatness, as opposed to slo v eu lin c j is well understood ; it consists in having
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