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a eai-dcii of native rock, mountain, or aquatic plants, a pictm-csque flower-garden, or a
Chinese garden, exhibiting only plants in flower, inserted in the ground, and removed to
make room for others when the blossoms begin to fade, &c.
1568. The park is a space devoted to tho growth of timher, pasturage for deer, cattle,
and sheep. “ adding grandeur and dignity to the mansion. On its extent and
beauty, and on the magnitude and architcotuviil design of the house, chiefly depend tho
reputation and character of tho residence. In tho geometric style, the more distant or
conce.-ded parts were subdivided into fields, surrounded by broad stripes or double rows
of trees, enclosed in walls or hedaos;the wore r hedge s; and tho nearer parts were cchhiieeffllyy covered with
wood, enclosing regular sm-ffiiiicceess ooff ppaassttuurraaggee.. IInn tthhee mmooddeerrnn ssttyyllee,, tthhoe scenery of a
park is intended to resemble that of a scattered forest, tho more polished glades and
regular shapes of lawn being near the house, and the rougher parts towards the extremities.
Tho paddocks, or smaller enclosures, are generally placed between the family
stables and the farm, and form a sort of intermediate character.
1569. The farm, or that portion of agricultural surface retained in tho hands of tlio
owner for private cultivation, was, in hoth styles, placed without, hnt adjoming, the
park ; and, when circumstances admitted, near to the paddocks. In some cases, on a
moderate scale, part of the park constitutes the whole or a part of tho farm, and is kept
in aration. The trees in this cultivated space ar'e arranged in natm'al-like masses, so
as to give the idea of part of a forest scene subjected to the plough. \Vlien the park
is extensive and truly fbrest-like, the effect of the whole is much improved by the contrast,
and recalls to mind those charming scenes in the woody districts of Germany,
where cultivation smiles in tho glades and recesses of eternal forests.
1570. The drive, or riding, is a road indicated rather than formed, which passes through
the most interesting and distant parts of a residence not seen in detail from the walks,
and as far into the adjoining lands of wildness or cultivation, as the property of tho
owner extends. I t is also frequently conducted as much farther as the disposition of
adjoining proprietors permits, or tho general face of the countiy renders desirable.
1571. Original arrangement. Though the above aiTangement of the component parts
of a residence will be found, in general, the most convenient on a flat surface, or one
gently varied, we arc far from recommending its universal adoption. Situations are
always fertile in suggesting new ideas, which
“ start even from difficuUies, strike from chance;”
and a mind already stored with a knowledge of every part of the subject works from
principles, and fortuitous suggestions, rather than models. We would rather see an
original idea attempted to be executed, than the most beautiful arrangement imitated.
Cmvp. IV.
Union o f the constituent Scenes in forming Gardens ar Residenees o f particular Characters;
and the laying aut o f Puhlic Gardens.
1572. To complete a country residence is the end of aU landscape-gardening, whether
imitative or geometric. In the preceding chapter wc have given a general idea of the
paits or scones, and thefr connection, which enter into a complete residence of the first
order. We have now to notice thefr arrangements in different gradations of residences ;
and these, we must previously acknowledge, are so intimately blended, that we hardly
know how to separate them, and give a distinctive character to e a ch ; every counti-y
gentleman, from the occupier of the cottage, to that of the palace, adopting such luxuriant
scenes as suit his particular taste, without reference to any thing but his own desires;
and this happy ciroumstancc contributes, perhaps, as much as the difference of situations,
to the variety in the beauty and style of British country residences. Mansions, villas,
temporary residences, cottages, and public gardens, may be said to include the leading
distinctions. Public gardens are much less various than private ones, because there ai-o
fewer publics than individuals.
S e c t . I. The laying out o f Private Gardens ar Residences.
1573. The specific distinctions o f private residences may be considered as the mansion
and demesne, the villa, tho farm, the temporary residence, and the cottage ; but each of
these branches out into a number of subspecies and varieties.
1574. The mansion and demesne. The characteristic of a country residence of this
kind is the demesne ; and it comprises castles, abbeys, and palaces, as well as mansions.
I t should consist of a house with extensive offices and stables, which are generally disposed
round a court-yard ; kitchen-gardens, including hothouses of various descriptions;
and it has a park in addition to the ordinary pleasure-grounds and gardens.
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1575. The villa is a house of smaller dimensions, and does not imply any grounds in
tenancy. I t also docs not neccssai'ily include a park, though it may possess one, taking
the character of an extended pleasure-ground. Villas ai-e of vai-ious kinds, such as
marine villas, suhui-han villas, &c., all of wliich have characteristics peculiar to tliem-
1576. The marine villa. T h e marine villa has seldom much land attached, but great
care is usually bestowed upon the architectural ornaments of its gm-dens, which are
laid out with raised teiTaces, covered alcoves, and other somewhat formal ornaments.
The geometric style is generally prefen-ed for the gardens of villas of this kind, as they
must depend for their beauty principally on form, and not on luxuriant foliage or a
skilful intermixture of trees. Many trees, indeed, become stunted, and lose their foliage
when planted by the sea-side, and the ti-unks of others become twisted and deformed by
the efforts they make to tui-n their heads away from the blighting effects of the sea
breeze. Plant-houses, however, of various kinds, are quite suitable aud appropriate to
marine villas, as they afford the inhabitants almost the oiüy chance they can have oi
possessing a few floral beauties.
1577. The shooting or hunting box is a small villa in a sporting counti-y, adapted merely
for a residence during the shooting season, which requires very little garden to be attached
to it, and generaUy it has no pleasure-grounds. Speaking of residences of this kind,
Marshall observes, “ a suite of paddocks should be seen from the house, and if a view ot
distant covers can be caught, the background will be complete. The stable, the kennel,
and the leaping-bar, are the appendages in the construction of which simplicity, substan-
tialncss, and coiiveniency should prevail.”
1578. The ferme o r n é e , or viUa farm, consists of a villa residence, with farm offices
joined to the house, and with the ground laid out with a view to utility as well as
beauty. Instead of deer, sheep may graze the park on the garden front, separated irom
the house by an architectural barrier, or, in some situations, by a platform oi gi-avel, and
walks and knots of flowers. A glacis of turf, with a light fence below the slope, will
be sufficient protection from sheep or cattle, and yet v ill not mipedc the view of the lawn
from the windows. The entrance front may be approached through gi-ass fields, not
separated by common hedges, but by pictm-esque fences in the modern, and double
hedges and slips of planting in the geometric style. AU the other constituent parts of a
vUIa such as plant-houses, gardens, orchards, pleasm-e-grounds, &c., may be added or
not to a ferme ornée, accordmg to the taste or means of its proprietor. Sometunes
oi-nameutal grounds are added to a common fai-m-house ; and when this is the case the
farmer’s garden should not be placed adjoining the rick-yai-d, on account of the straw
liable to be blown into it ; and it should be well enclosed, to exclude poulti-y, pigs, and
otlier domestic animals. Supposing the farm buUdings to occupy three sides of a square,
the farm-house to be placed in the middle of the south side, and the nck-yai-d to be
placed beyond the north side ; then the kitchen-garden may be placed adjoining the
east or west side of the squai-e -, the grass-orcliard, winch may also be the diying-gi-ound,
and area for rearing young poultry, on the opposite and corresponding side; and
a smaU flower-garden may serve as an cntrance-court to the farm-house. But m the case
of farmeries on a larger scale, where the house is detached from the fai-m yard, the
three gardens should be united by a smaU portion of lawn, and a pond, so as to form
about au acre (more or less, according to circumstances) of garden and pleasure-ground
round the house. The pai-t destined for the growth of culinaiy vegetables should he
laid out in right-lined plots and borders ; the orchard trees planted in rows or quincunx ;
and the flowers and flowering shrubs an-anged in groups or in beds on turf. The most
useful and prolific fmit trees should be chosen ; including some plants of hops, and one
or two walnut or chestnut trees in the exposed side of the orchard, if the climate is
such as will ripen their fruits. No class of men have it in their power to foi-m and
cultivate a garden at less expense than farmers ; but, unfortunately, few farmers have a
taste for the subject ; perhaps, because gardening is not sufficiently contrasted to agi-i-
culture, to afford tbe farmer that sort of relief sought for in recreative and pieasui-able
pursuits. . . „
1579. A parsonage affords, in yarious points of view, the finest opportunities ot dis-
playing taste and enjoying happiness, provided the occupant, with Cowley, prefers a
small style of living to a great one. “ A little convenient estate, a little cheerful house,
a little company, and a very little feast,” ai-e the desiderata of this amiable man.
A parsonage, however, does not always necessarily imply a small house, as, of course, it
should correspond in some degree with the size of the church, that of the parish, &c.
The style of the house should bear some relation to that of the church to which it is an
appendage, and the grounds should be laid out in somewhat of a solid and massive style,
with large brandling trees, mixed with arbor vitæ, and other somewhat sombre-looking
evergreens, to harmonise with the yews and cypresses of the cluu-chyard. All tancitui
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