!• I i !
M . ¡ ' J
r é - l ' r é n - I re
» " i ?
--------------- Q — /
739
/
in order to tic the two sides of the
wall together. Eacli box has two
rings in its upper side, by means of
which it may be easily drawn up
to about two thirds of its h e ig h t; at
wliich hciglit two catches ( /p . 740.)
will fly out by means of weights at
thcir tails, as shown at q q, iajig.
739. i and these will hold the gauge
boxes in thcir proper situation till
thej' may require again to be raised. {Encyc. o f Cott Arch., § 1354.) Fig. 741. shows
plan by which a wall 14 in. wide
m.ay be built 10 ft. or 12 ft. high with
littlo more than the matorials requisite
for a solid wall 9 in. wide.
2808. Fruit-walls, according to
Hitt, should he founded on piers,
placing them at such distances as to
admit one tree, of tho sort proper for _
the aspect, between, and forming them of dimensions suitable to the size ot the walls,
and tho nature of the foundations. The advantages ho states to be, a saving of material,
and extended space for the roots. I f however, the waU is to be planted with fruit trees
on both sides, the latter advantage is imaginary: and, indeed, the construction might
often prove iniurious, by admitting the hardy roots of trees fit for a northern exposure
to intei-mix with the more delicate ones of such as arc planted on a south aspect.
Robertson {Hort Trans., vol. iv. p. 95.) recommends such walls for peach trees, but obviously
on tho supposition that no use is made either of the north side of the wall or
the north border. a
2809. The foundation o f a garden wall, accordmg to M'Phail, should be dug out no
deeper than the thickness of good earth on the sm-face, in order that as little wall may
be lost as
2810. Fruit-waUs nutybe strengthened by piers, according to Eorsyth, placed from 40 ft.
,rt, and proiccting half a brick to 60 ft. apart,projecting bbeeyyoonndd the wall.
Such piers are now made round, or rounded off, as the technical
term is, which is more convenient for training trees.
2811. Projecting stone buttresses are, in some places, set at
intervals in the walls, NciU informs us, in order to strengthen
them, and break the force of the winds when sweeping along.
Erom tho external angles of tho walls of Dalmeny Park gai--
dons, where they moot at right angles, a wall {fig. 742. a ) is
extended diagonally about 17 ft. This extension is found very
useful in breaking the force of the wind when raging along
tho walls. A t tho same time it does away, in a considerahlo
degree, the formal box shape of the garden when viewed from
tho higher grounds in the neighbom-hood. {Ed. Encyc., art.
2812. Copings fo r garden walk. I t appears hoth from the experience of a number of
gardeners, and the most correct theories of dew {WeUs on Dew, 1819, see 1337.) and
cold {Leslie, in Supp. Eneyc. art. Cold), that projecting copings are of use in spring
to protect the blossoms from descending cold and dews, and copings which project
nearly a foot are approved of hy the Comte Lelieur, and the Rev. T. G. Cullum. In
the best pcaeh-gardens at Montreuil they project 4 in. or S in .; and at Thomery, where
the finest grapes are raised, the copings project 10 in. or 11 in. over walls which do not
exceed 8 ft. in height. {Pom. Frangaise, p. 78.) T. G. Cullum built, in Suffolk, a 9-inch
wall with rounded piers, and copings of slate supported by oaken brackets, projecting
a foot from the wall, and found the result answer his expectations {Hort Trans.,
vol. iv. p. 269.) ; but as fixed copings must be injurious in summer, by excluding
light rain, and air, and harbouring vermin, we should prefer the temporary coping of
hoards recommended by Miller, Forsyth, and Nicol. The temporary coping used in
the garden o fth e Horticultural Society, at Chiswick, deserves to be noticed, as weU as
the manner in -which it is flxed. The boards are 9 in. wide, supported on metallic
brackets {fig. 743.) permanently fixed in the wall, and so as to
admit the boards to fit exactly below the stone coping of tho wall.
The boards are rabbeted, so as to fit accurately into each other at
the ends, and have holes corresponding to those in the upper part
of the bracket, through which a short bolt is passed and flxed with
a cotter, or spare nail, below. Three men will put up such a
coping on 11)00 ft. of wall in two hours
edge, small hooks are screwed, for fasteninn notthré the
2813. A very secure method o f fastem-
Oii the upper side of die boards, near die
Í- ll-ll C»» .2r/-l .-1— 1
■imj temporary copings is shown" in fffs .
744., and 745. Fig. 744. is a stone biiilt
in the wall, into which the rafters may be
lixcd, and fitted with an iron pin, as
shown iu fig. 745.
p r c l / d YZZZT/AZ/J kitehen-garden walk, brick is almost universally
iito g - e t? , 0? » ’ Iz ~ ? ‘"fr®
I B i W i i i i i t e r e may be a » » » » ? / » “
squarcii and hammer-dressed, as I t i S lil h e it - to briek, when properly
stone flag), or, in parts of th e coimtrv c o L b l u i s h grey stone (sand«
flags, the thickness, or nearly the thickne<:<; Drv,r^ 1 I® ’ "»es in natural
in building. The fiearer tl e tone ‘'"'I?*'® little dressing, or troub r
{m;lerence being given to the darkest wh S m mereW P"n)ose ; the
light-coloured stones, and, by reason of its close because it absorbs and retains heat more than
of It. than other stones. But ¿ o d cfur ible f f e e » f 7 ^ 7 ? moisture better, or retains less
dressed, and run in courses as above m a k e s p r o p e r l y squared, hammer-
fruit to ; such as apples, cherries nears and niums -fDr?«-. training th e more common kinds of
aspects. Bnt the better aspects a s S h " o n f w t or so f / h " » ^ " 7 7 ’** *"‘17®^’ and north
figs, nectarines, peaclies, and the finer sorts of nears’ an,i l i L’ i ? -I? be trained apricots,
with brick, or be bu ilt with dark whinstone plums, should, it a t all convenient, be faced
Cheaper tlian brick ; in any case rio re s S and d i r S ? ’ ‘t i»
mined on, the foundation or basement should he «nM t i a ground-level line to be deters
trac ture, it should be 30 in S f f o i r p r ic k a S L r e f “ «»ne superfaced
wltl, brick, and backed with frccstonj 2 ft or 20 n i b u l “ ■•»>),.'»all, 20 m, ; and if for a wall
th:ari;vta;a“r'tIr«.t“a™b„!e”m® rersKglTraeorSel^’ly^ bo'V, i n “"ir'”® . .“f.., .. ™.. .,«.».".“.. ' shelf or scarsement of 3 in. thick on either side of th ) ? u Ir if f snperstracture, tliere hcing a
p. 144.) The foundation imd basemlfo of 1)11, n S o fn ’ " " ? s"V ''re « '"« “ re. (Ko/rnu.,
s.;mdstonc, while q ,e superstructure is brick : ‘and starn“ i,n “ " ‘if’n flit» ^™ ‘’“ ‘“ '»B
kinds of materials admit of tho branches of the traes 1 substitute for bricks. Both
Where brick is scarce and dear. Justice h u i l d f t h r f n n S H ' r / reguhirly, and without difficulty,
on that side of the wall which lias th e best asner? of stone and lavs one course of bricks
vol. to p. 1 ‘1>® "'■U be found described by Mr. Mallet, iu tli’e Gard. Mag.,
N c d n ? s e / f 7 ? “r ' ' A e®“ “ “ ' rt'bMe building ”
1 ? , 1 ! / s p a r s IS sometimes placed against them, aud to this trellis the
bianches are tied with osier twigs or rope-yarn. This is regarded as a very good p L n “
3 B ’