«
viriod is performed by the miioii of botb modes, and requires no explanation to those
wlio b’avoZquircd tho rudiments of geometry, or understand what has been described.
Sdbsbct. 3. O f the A rrang em ent o f Q ua n tities.
2365 T he d ivid ing and subdividing o f lan d is generally the business of the “ “ ' t T
VOTO, blit it somcti.4 s comes under tho practice of tho gardeneiq on a small scale, ate
on steplo principles. Thus it may be required to determine the dimensions of a squai e,
of a cirele of an oval, or of a mixed figure of a kitchcn-garden, which shall contain a
certain number of acres, or acres ancl parts of acres. Or, on a certam compartinent m
r ? “ ? c n bread’th and length, it maybe required to sow or plant a certain iiiim-
/ f Z ° / l i e n t h / f g u r e s m simple and reg ular, as squares, paraUelogi-ams, triangles,
cirdes &c iliese problems are clsily solved ; but where they are iiTCgnlar, the safest
w.ay for pitadical gardeners, not much in the habit of calciilation, is by tn a l and c ^ -
rection Thus, suppose it be required to find tho dimensions and ground-plan of a gart“ ' .'
wall, which shall enclose two acres, the north and south walls to he sfeight P » « ? ’
and the two ends parts of ellipses. Try a parallclopim, which shall contmn ly f'taj.
and try and adjust two curves to its ends, which shall each contain | of an acre. If
A of an acre docs not give sufficiently curved ends, narrow the parallclogi'am part a
m lc Z ú A i ñ A t o í an increase to the curved ends. All this being laid down on
a sJZ T e n the figure is completed, ascertain its eontents by the scale, ate
vary it as above, till it ooiTesponds exactly with what is required. ,
2367. F o r nwre in tric a te fig u re s, first cover the paper with guares each oontami „ a
certain area say a yard, a pole. See., according to the magnitude of the design to be
adiiistcd Then, on these squares adjust the form and the contents of the given figure,
iiy alternate delineations of the desired sliape, and numbering the squares for
contents. When the end appeal's to he attained, prove the whole by measuring iiom
*'’ 2368«Vi<7i respect to measuring f a r cropping c om p a rtm en t o r borders
desired to sow 3 poles of turnips on a compartment 60 feet broad, tlicn the fiist
oucstion is simply, given 60 feet as one side, required the length of another reqmsito to
S a p! 0 A ? le contains 30^ square yards, or 273* square feet; dividing toe last
su? by ? toe Quotient, 4 feet 6i todies, is too length of 1 pole at this breadth. Op
if hv finks then 60 feet = 136'2 links, and 625 squai-e links = 1 square pole ; hence
625? 136-2 = eft links. 3 x 4 foet 6| inches, or 3 x 6.ft links = 13 feet 8 inches, oi 20,!,
l i n k s to e louiith o f 3 poles o f toe given bread th . . . i ,
2369 F o r arran g in g w o rk done by contract, it is necessary for toe gardener to he able
to tommtof the su?ificial and solid contents of toe ground; whether it “ be ctei-
vated on the surface, as in digging or hoeing ; turned over “ ta
in digging drains or trenchmg ; or removed from its ifiace, as in foiming
for witcr or foundations. All this is abundantly simple, whore the first mdmonts of
mensuration are understood. The most important part is what relates to "8 " '
large excavations, and wheeling toe earth to different distances ; and as a guide i
toe following rules, known to every canal contractor, may be worth attending to hy the
A s / ' F o r excavating and transp orting earth. In soft SfyO™« where no ,o“ “
than the spade is necessary, a man wiU throw up a cubic yard of 27 solid feet m an horn,
or 10 cubic yards in a day. But if picking or hacking he nerassary, an additional man
«ill be required : and veiy strong gravel will require two. The rates of a cubic yard
depending thus upon each circumstance, toey wiU he in toe ratio of toe mtlimetical
numbers 1, 2, 3. If, therefore, toe wages of a labourer he 2s 6rf. per L f
a yard wfil he 3d. for cutting only; 6d. for cutting and hacking ; and 9d. when two
hackers are ncccssaiy. In sandy ground, when wheeling is reqnisite, three men will be
required to remove 30 cubic yards in a day, to a distance of 20 yards, two filling and
one wheeling; but to remove the same quantity in a day, to any greater distance, an
additional man will be required for eveiy 20 yards.
2371. T o fin d the p ric e o f removing a n y number o f cubic ya rd s to any given distance: —
Divide the distance in yards by 20_, which gives the number of wheelers ; add the two
cutters to the quotient, and you will have tho wholc number employed; multiply the
sum by the daily wages of a labourer, and the produce will be the price of 30 cubic
yards. Then, as 30 cubic yards is to the whole number, so is the price of 30 cubic
yards to the cost of the whole.
E xam .ple What will it cost to remove 2750 cubic yards to the distance of 120 yards,
a man’s wages being 3s. per day ? First, 120 -r 20 = 6, the number of wheelers; then,
+ 2 fillers = 8 men employed, which, at 3s. per day, gives 24s. as the price of 30 cubic
yards ; then 30 : 24 ;; 2750 and 24 x 2750 ^ 30 = 110/.
S e c t . III. O f c a rryin g D esigns into E xecution.
2372 T o realise alterations projected o r m arked o ut on the ground, recourse is had to
the mechanical operations of gardening. These require to be dfrccted to the following
(jPjccts • Keraoving surface incumbrances, smoothing surfaces, draining off supeiiluous
water, fonning excavations for retaining water, forming artificial surfaces, and forming
walks and roads. . „ .
2373. Rem oving surface incumbrances is one of the first operations of improvement m
reclaiming neglected lands, or preparing them for ulterior purposes. The obstacles are
generally large blocks of stone, bushes, roots of trees, and sometimes artificial obstacles,
as parts of walls, hedges, buildings, &c. Where the stones cannot be ultimately rendered
useful or ornamental near to where they lie, they must be loosened by levers and
placed on sledges and dragged off; and to facilitate this, they may be previously blown
in pieces by gunpowder; or large pits may be dug, and they may be biu-ied near to
where they lie. The other obstacles arc easily got rid ot; large roots may be split witli
wedges reft with gunpowder, and draivn out by wrenches; or, the hydrostatic press
may be applied, as for di-awing piles. The use of gunpowder was formerly often
attended with accidents to the operators; but the risk was gi-eatly lessened, when it
was discovered that sand might be poured in, instead of ramming clay and stony
matters over the charge. (S u p p . E n c yc . B r it. art. B la s tin g .) _
2374 Smoothing sw faces. Whatever be the nature of the future improvements, tins
operation generally takes place to a certain extent after the removal of obstacles. Pits,
quarries pools, &c., are to be filled up ; banks, dikes, artificial mounds, and excrescences
• to be broken doivn and scattered about, before the natui-al sm-face can be duly understood
and appreciated, and before drains and otlicr preliminaiy improvements, as roads,
fences, &c., can be conveniently marked out.
“ S icX r eX ;;
outlet o fth e former is first to be begun upon, and excavated to th e proper width and dcjith. If the soil
b f v T s o f t the miteri.-ils for filling in, ta forming th e channel, or dram,dri ,
should be previously carted
there as this operation, performed on soft ground alter the excavation is made, is apt to damage th e sides
of the dra in. No part of the drain ought to be filled, till th e whole has
y corrected. T h e height to
is made, is apt to damage t
been completed, and any errors in
hich the materials 0 part are to be laid must
t e 'lL're r7ata"-is io'be“ S « e d . " i'oVpennaiicnt pastures, as in lav
m d S s the?may be brought near th e surtace; but in kitchen-gardens, or scenery where digging or
Senchbig is O T c S ia llta to place, they should not come within 6 in. of the bottom ot the loosened
S « a A s t “ S S t a l s fOT draihs, whatever will torm a porous or hollow stratimi or vein may be
™OToVed t a t round stones are utauestionably tho most durable tor collectmg-drams ; and tubes ot
emtheliwa’re t a buUt drains OT stone or bricks, for drains ot conveyance. The most complete dcscnpHon
OT ™ neta.ith a built cylinder or barrel of stone or brick below covered by a vein or vertical
i r r u m ot s T e s , terminatintanear the surtace in coarse gravcL " "OTover much o
he done all tho various methods should be considered, as detailed > " “ 0 county surv ejs, ana co llo cte ti^
Marshall’s T reatise on L a n d e d P ro p e r ty , and Johnstone s S y a em o f D r a tm n g ; and those fixed on which
scenery W g e s , whether broad or narrow, communicate a vulgar field-like character to parks or Iot
fn ^u Jgeopeng^tersa reonlyffi^^^^^^^
v ë ^ r f Wnedally if cattle aSd horses are admitted on the grounds in winter. Hence, many use straw or
imall’faggot-wood to fill the gutters as in Norfolk, or flints as m Kent, gravel as m Beiksliire, or cinders
and scoriæ as in some parts of Lancashire.
2376 F o rm in g excavations f o r re tain in g w ater. Prcyiously to commencing this operation,
too levels must te staked out with great accuracy, as well as the places indicated
from which the larger masses of earth arc to be moved or to which they ave to be t,aken.
Excavations for water vaiv in respect to toe difficulties and manner of e.xcciition, according
as they may be intended for running or stagnated water, for water already existmg
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