HISTORY OF GARDENING. P akt Î.
132
», Systematic g a rden for an n u als, biennials, an d perennials,
•i, Arboretum,
t, Alpine an d rock plants,
i , Rosory.
I, Nursery.
m. Hotbeds.
n . A q u arium a n d fountain.
а , Pa la ce ; formerly occupied b y th e ro y al fam ily ; b u t now p,
tu rn ed in to an academy of th e flnc arts . «,
б, Library.
c. Dwelling-house o f th e professor of botany.
d. Gardener’s house.
«, Stove a n d greenhouses for Cape plants.
y . Greenhouses.
he took his charge t N. WalUch, kn ig h t of Dannebrog, Calcutta ; Lieutenant W ormskiold ; Professor
Schouw; th e Rev. Dean Dienboll, East Finmark ; D r. Rafn, a t St. Croix ; Benzon, E a s tFm m a rk ;
D r.H o rn b e c k , a t St. J e a n ; Ecklon, a t the Cape o f Good Hope ; and, finally, L ie fte n a n t Hqlbqn, m
Greenland. One fact connected with transportation of seeds deserves to be noticed ; viz. th a t oi 1800
sorts sent from Denmark to Calcutta, in 1820, 1400 vegetated in four days with Mr. Potte r, of th e Iftte r
place • b u t those sent to Europe almost all perished before their arrival. It has not been intended, in
thi.s place to compare the botanic garden a t Copenhagen with the much more extensive establishments
of the same kind a t Berlin, Vienna, and particularly in E n g lan d ; b u t what has been done here, with
very limited means, will sufficiently show how much may be accomplished, when enlightened men,
zealous in a useful pursuit, unite their endeavours to obtain a desired object. T h e income is only 085L
per annum, which must cover every expense, except th e professor’s salary. The connection ot a library
and herbarium with a botanic garden is absolutely necessary. Except P an s , almost all the gardens of
the Continent are defective in this respect. Establishments where such advantages exist greatly relieve
th e preceptor, while they assist th e p u p il; by a comparison of specimens and descriptions, misnomers
o fth e living plants maybe detected, and thereby th e arrangement of th e garden becomes more complete,
and the studies o fth e scholar are advanced. . , ^ tj ..u
The librarv o f the botanic garden at Charlottenburg cont&mi a good many works of old authors on
botany, as well as almost all th e cheap works published ou th e Continent. Among many of_less note
th ere is Cupani’s Pamphytum Siculum, which is a very ra re book. But the library is deficient m modern
works, especially in th e splendid publications of England and France.
The herbaiium is valuable. Vahl's specimens and botanical library were presented to th e garden in
1805 bv his majesty. Besides this, th ere is Rottbdll’s, whicb contains the specimens collected in Surinam’by
Rolander ; those from Guinea, by I s e r t ; and a fine volume of specimens collected by Piso in
Brazil. In addition to the above, Professor Schouw’s collection, from Italy, Sicily, &c., will be obtained,
as well as th e herbarium of Professor Schumacher.
Of specimens of seeds and fruits th ere is a very respectable assortment m spirits, arranged by P ro fe ^ o r
Schouw which occupies seVeral large cabinets, and is a useful appendage to the establishment. The
MSS. are chiefly those of V a h l; they were his collectanea, and th e materials from which his E numeratio
Plantarum Avas to have been compiled ; from which task he was too soon called away.
SuBSECT. 3. Gardening in Denmark, with respect to its Horticultural Productions.
431. Horticulture seems to be as mucli in repute in Denmark as in most other
countries. The Crown Prince, in 1834, was a fellow of the Horticultural Society of
L o ndon; and one of the royal gardeners, M .P e te r Lindegaard, contributed several
papers to the Horticultural Societijs Transactions. Tho government is using every
means to spread the common hardy fi-uits; and gooseberries, apples, plums, and pears
may be purchased from the national nurseries for little more than a halfpenny a plant.
A garden libraiy, which was established in the Royal Gardens by M. Petersen, in
1829, contains the best English, Fi-ench, and German works on every dcpai-tmcnt of
gardening.
432. The climate and circumstances o f Denmark are much less favourable to gardening
than those of B rita in ; yet horticulture is very successfully practised, especially round
the capital. There are very fine apples, pears, plums, cherries, gooseberries, currants,
raspberries, and straAvbenics; and the common culinaiy vegetables are groAvn in
It may gire a practical idea of tlic climate in the neighbourhood of Copenhagen,
to state, that the Cérasus Lauroccrasus requires the same protection there dmmg
the -winter that the Magnòlia grandiflòra does in England. One plant lived for tlmty
years in the shmbbcry of the celebrated park of Dronningaard, one of the finest residences
in Denmark. I t was looked upon as a great cimosity, hut was killed with the trost m
year 1819-20.
and Frederiksberg.
T M r r e S b î e tmit™'tosi"cSS¥at¥d “L r e r a t a t a t o m S and
roughout f t e kingabundance
dom, b u t is m-.where seen equal to the pines grown in England. T b e old queen pme was, till lately,
‘" g™ “ ™ frS™v‘e“d t a 'D é ^ a r k in tbe open air till the end of December, and sometimes tm tbe
m i d d K end'^ot January. They are rip en e l on hot walls, in the royal garfens
S t& ^ a s s e rs le t (tbe small white cluster). The Farsille druen (the parsley-leaved malmsey tnusca-
dine) is likeAvise hardy, b u t does not set wcli if th e weather is cold when it is in bloom.
daton (b iae km u scad iie) and Pottebakkor (the black Hamburgh) are E.™“ “ S row n 'n
“heîr ripm in g on walls is very unecrtaln, though it sometimes occurs m hot summers T h e white
sweetwater (perle druen) is th e finest white grape known in Denmark, and is always planted in
’ ‘S t o . M. Lindegaard Introduced the method ot tearing peach trees “ w r L é Æ m S l ?
S frosts,’ i7 are c covered L ie d '‘with S h X straw ¥ m a mats.
t? Y h o 'S ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
v Montauban),m n t , i „ h „ n l . which W h ic h rinens ripens its its fruit,fruit, without v
artificial heat, about t h e cM of ^August.
____________ J abundance from Ch -’-'------
s in general cultivation i'r ; and nea^rly all other sorts of culinary vegetables aarree ggrroowwnn im Denmark
.tifully as in Britain.
433. Market-gardens. Two miles from Copenhagen is a little frland called ^
U - ______ , ft Iri+»»>1 PTl .fm.T (1OD D1
: X r e Z L ) L g S a U e r a : r w t a sim retain their old dress and m any o j h e i r old
customs. This island supplies the greater part of Copenhagen with vegetable^ which
ai-e grown to great perfection. The inhabitants keep themselves quite apart from Ml
o th e f ^ r p l e to the kingdom. There are several other good market-gardens m the
country, particularly about Copenhagen. Eveiy nursci-yman grows vegetables and
fruit for the market, so that there is vei-y little difference here hetwecn nurserymen and
market-gai-deners, only that some of them gi-ow more flowers and fi-uit trees, and fewci-
vegetahles, than others. ( J . P . in Gard. Mag.)
S e c t . V II. O f die Bise, Progress, and present State o f Gardening in Sweden and Norway.
434. Gardening is patronised by die higher classes, and practised round
towns of Sweden and Norway. “ A ll the Swedes with whom I have ever met, otaerves
Hirschfeld, “ whether elevated hy birth or enlightened hy education, wore
friends of beautiful nature and of gardens.” Sir J . E. Smith (Linn.. Trans., vol. i.) e
presses an equally high opinion of this people. Mediocrity of circum sta jc s a pool
com-t, political liberty, and a varied and comparati J y nnpreductive ®o™frD s®™ m
have contrihuted to give a more thinking turn to the Svvodish nobles, than to ™
countries naturally prolific. So beautifid is the sceneiy m some P j j ® t h e
and Norway, thaVthe district of Waas, in the lat er eoimtry, has been c a tad the
Northern Italy. Their immense public works, canals, harbours, and excoUeta io ta s ,
careful agriculture, extensively worked mines, botanic gardens, hteraiy mstitutions, and
scicntiflo authors, are proofs of what we assert. . , i j «wtaeu nt
435. The ancient style o f gardening appears to have been introduced into Sweden at
least previously to 1671 ; for Hei-mand, who pubhshed his Begnum Sueaæ in that yem
mentions the gardens of the palace as well as ttaviva^nnm or P“* - f t® f L in d
says, were used for delight and recreation. They lay between he p a ltanm ™d
vivarium; and the latter contained some wooden buddings, in wh tai wcie k e J liOT^^^
IpoDards and boars This garden and park appear to have been formed by Gustavns
A d ta ? ta s” “ 20. C h ile s X n . prLm-ed plans from Le Nôtre, and had the trees
fn d V i s sent fi-om Paris. I t is remarked by Dr. W a lta r, as a eimoiis fae , that
th o u lh the yew tree is a native of Sweden, those plants of tho species sent from Pans, to
plant Le Nôtre’s designs, died at Stockholm the first Avinter. -x „ ftVftyif tbft
436. The mixed style is exemplified in Haga, formed on a rocky s itu a tro ja h o n t t e
middle of the eighteenth century, hy Gustavus m , with L r e e k s S hmu riaÎt
is the Trianon of Sweden. The approach is a winding walk through ™®’®L J ™ ' " f
verdure. Drottningholm is a royal palace foi-mod by the S“me Prmee on tt a i j n d of
that name. The gardens are in a sort of Anglo-Chinese manner ; hut, so far j J is
concerned, in no respect remarkable. Both these gardens arc ® V J s q u !
mingled with water, rocks, Scotch pine, spi-uce fir, and buddings ; foi-rmng a pictuiesque
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