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they are to be removed they should be of twine, boiled, previously to being strained,
in a solution of Indian mbber in pyroligneous ether (a product of the pyroligneous
acid-makers, and known on the Continent by the name of pyroxylic spirit). The expense
of this is trifling : oz. of Indian rubber, and ^ pint of tho ether will saturate
10 lbs. of twine. The twine need never be vai’nished again, and will last many seasons ;
is perfectly impervious to wet, and is not affected by hygrométrie changes in the
atmosphere ; so that, when once strained tight by the stakes at b, it will remain so. The
stake fi(j. 548. is 7 ft. long, and weighs 1 cwt. 8 lbs. per dozen. Fig. 549. is 5 ft. 2 in.
in length, and weighs 2 qrs. 13 lbs. per dozen. Fig. 550. is 3 ft. 8 in. in height, and
weighs 3 qrs. 9 lbs. per dozen. Fig. 551. shows the four sizes of cast-iron stakes manufactured
by Messrs. Cottam and Hallen. Tho height of the flrst (a ) is 7 ft., its
weight per dozen 2 cwt. 1 qr., and the price per dozen 25s. b is 6 ft. high, weigiis
1 cwt. 2 qrs. 22 lbs. per dozen, and costs 18s. 6<i.; c is 5 ft. high, weighs 1 cwt. 1 qr.
16 lbs. per dozen, and costs 16s. 6d. ; and J is 4 ft. high, weighs 40 lbs. per dozen, mid
costs 10s. 6(f. Fig. 552. shows the different sizes of wrought-iron rods let mto cast-iron
sockets at the bottom. The height of the first (e) is 6 ft. 6 in., and the price is 10s. 6d
per dozen ; of the second ( / ) , 5 ft. 6 in., the price is 9s. 6d. per dozen ; of the third (p),
5 ft., the price is 8s. 6d. ; of the fourth Qi), 4 ft. 6 in., the price is 8 s .; of the flith (0 ,
the height is 4 ft., and tho price 7 s .; of the sixth Qi), the height is 3 ft._6 ni., and the
price per dozen 6s. 6d. ; o fth e seventh Q), the height is 3 ft., and the price 6 s .; ot the
eighth Qn), the height is 2 ft. 6 in., and the price 5s. 6d. ; and the ninth Qi) is 2 It. in
height, and the price per dozen is 5s.
1975. Iron stakes fo r roses are 554
sometimes formed with expanding
heads, as in figs. 553. and 554. When
fixed in the ground, these stakes
should stand an itieli or two higher
than the stock on which the rose is
grafted. The branches of the graft
may then be trained regularly to the
spreading head of tlie stake. A
beautiful exemplification of this mode
of training roses may be seen in the
Gard. Mag. vol. viii. p. 680.
1976. Spray or branches are used
as props for plants furnished ivith tendrils,
as the common pea, and many
of tho leguminous tribe. Spreading,
frond-like, and yet thin spray, such
as that of the beech, hazel, or Scotch
ehn, is generally preferable ; but for
early crops the spray of the resinous
tribe, and especially of the spruce aud
silver firs, is valuable, as producing
warmth and shelter, by its numerous
chaffy leaves, which are non-conductors.
, 1. T , 1 1977. T/es are various; the most general are the ligular threads
V of bast ma ts; for espaliers some use withs, or taiTcd cords or
threads : on the Continent, rushes (Muiicus effusus) cut green and
^ ^ di-ied in the sun are used ; and often wheat straw. When mat,
bark, rash, wülow, or other spray or shoots, or straw, ai'c used, they should be previously
soaked a short time in water. ^ o mi
1978 Covering materials are straw, reeds, haulm of any sort, spray, &c. They may
cither be used loose, which, when the weather is dry and calm, is the most effectual way
of e x c l u d i n g cold ; or draivn, that is, with the stalks or spray aiTanged iii pai-aUel hnes
in the manSer of thatch, by which means the rain runs off, aud then they exclude
cold both in dry and wet weather. Sometimes straw and reeds are so prepared in frames,
or rails suited io tbe size of beds in the manner of the reed, or spray, or wattled liurdlc
f 1949 ) Sometimes they ai-e covered with mats ; but as tbe latter readily admit ram,
this mode is much inferior to that of aiTanging tbe straw or reeds m tlie manner ot
7 * 9 7 9 Boards and planks are used in gardening, for wbceling np declivities, over steps
and hoUows, across borders, watts, &c. The notched or bridge plank is used to protect
edeiiigs, seiwing as a bridge across them. Tressels are used for raising planks m extensive
ofietaations on tho soil, in forming pieces of wator, new gardens, or gai'den-scenciy.
1980 Various prepared articles might be mentioned as of freqneiit or occasionid use.
Scoria from a forge is used for forming a platfoim impeivious to woims, on wluch to
of plants Soaper’s ashes or waste is nsed for tho same pmposc. The use of
gravel and sand is very gene ra l; fine sand, nncontaminatcd with teiTugmons matter is
paiticulnrly nsoful in propagating heaths and other delicate plants by cuttings. Oyster
Lolls are used as crocks or sherds for covering tho hottom-holcs of pots ; qmcklimo m
powder or infusions to destroy vermin, espcciaUy worms.
Tobacco and other prepared
matters ai'e also nsoa for the same purpose. Moi
[oss is used in and for other
objects 1 tanner’s bark for its heat and fermentation.
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