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A E T O F G A R D E N IN G . P a r t I I I .
directly insert one in the opening, whilst the digger proceeds with tho digging, and
covers the roots of tho plants with the earth of the next spit. Another aperture being
thereby also fomed, place therein another plant, and so on.
2520. A n oth er method o f trenching -in p la n tin g , sometimes used for planting certain
roots, such as horseradish-scts, potatoes, &c., is performed by common trenching,
placing a row of sets in each trench or fuiTow. The horseradish should be planted in
the bottom of the open trcncli, if not above 12 iu. deep, turning the cartli ot the next
over them ; and the potato-scts placed about 4 in. or 6 in. deep, and covered also with
the eai-tli of the next trench.
2521. S lit p la nting . This method is pcrfomcd by making slits or crevices with a
spade in the ground, at particular distances, for tlic reception of small trees and shrub-
plants. It is practised sometimes in nm-series, in putting out rows of small plants,
suckers, &c., from about 1 ft., or 18 in., or 2 ft. high, and that have but small roots : it is
also sometimes practised where very large tracts of forcst-trccs are to be planted by the
most expeditious and cheapest mode of performance ; tho following is the method : —
A line is set, or a mark made accordingly ; then, having a (quantity of plants ready (for
they must be planted as you proceed in making the slits), let a man, having a good
clean spade, strike it into the ground with its back close to the line or mark, taking it
out again directly, so as to leave the slit open ; he then gives another stroke at right
angles with the first ; then the person with the plants inserts one immediately into the
second-made crevice, bringing it up to tho line or mark, and directly pressing the earth
close to the plant with his foot : proceed iu tlic same manner to insert another plant,
and so on. A man and a boy, by this method, will plant ten or fifteen hundred, or
more, in a day.
2522. H o lin g -in p la nting . This is sometimes used in nm-series in light loose ground;
and sometimes in planting potatoes, &c., in pliable soils. The ground being previously
dug or trenched, and a line placed, proceed thus :—Let one man, with his spade, take
out a small spit of earth, and in the hole so formed let another person directly deposit
a plant ; then let the digger take another spit at a little distance, and turn the eaitli
thereof into the first hole over the roots ; then placing directly another plant in this
second opening, let the digger cover it with tlie earth of a third, and so on.
2523. D r ill p la n tin g . This is performed by drawing drills with a hoe, from 2 in. to 5 in. deep, for
the reception of seeds and roots, and is a commodious method of planting many sorts of large seeds, such
as walnuts chestnuts, &c. ; sometimes also broad beans, but always kidneybeans and peas ; likewise of
planting many sorts of bulbous roots, when to be deposited in beds by themselves. The drills for all of
these purposes should be drawn with a common hoe, 2 in. or 3 in. deep, though for large kinds of
bulbous roots 4 in. o r5 in . deep will be requisite, and the seeds and roots should always be covered the
depth of the drills.
2f)24. B cd d in g -in p la n tin g . This is frequently practised for planting the choicer kinds of flowering
bulbs such as hi'acinths, &c., also for the larger seeds of trees, as acorns, large nuts, and other kinds ot
seeds stones, and kernels, and is performed by drawing the earth from off the tops of the beds, some
inches in depth, in the manner of cuffin g , then planting the seeds or roots, and covering them over with
th e earth, drawn off for th a t purpose. The following is th e mode of performance : —The ground must
be previously dug or trenched, raked and formed into beds 3 ft. or 4 ft. wide, with alleys between bed
and b ed : then with a rake or spade trim the earth evenly from off th e top of the bed into th e alleys, from
2 in. or 3 in. to 4 in. deep for bulbous roots ; and for seeds, 1 in . or 2 in., according to what they are,
and th eir size ; then, if for bulbous roots, draw lines along the surface of the bed, 9 inches’ distance,
and place the roots, bottom downwards, along the line, 6 in. or 8 in. apart, thrusting the bottom into the
ea rth. Having thus planted one bed; then with th e spade let the earth that was drawn off mto the alley
be spread evenly upon the bed again over th e roots or seeds, being careful that they are covered all
equally of the above depth, and rake the surface smooth. This method is also practised in nurseries, for
sowing such seeds as require great accuracy in covering, as the larch, pine, and fir tribes ; and, indeed,
for most other tree-seeds. . ^
2525. F u n -ow p la n tin g . This is performed by drawing furrows with a plough, m which sets or plants
are placed, and covered also with the plough. It is sometimes practised for planting potato-sets in
fields ; and has been practised in planting young trees, for large tracts of forest-tree plantations, where
the cheapest and most expeditious method was required; but it can only be practised advantageously m
light pliable ground. It is thus performed:—A furrow being drawn, one or two persons are employed m
placing the sets or plants in th e furrow, whilst the plough following immediately with another furrow,
t u r n s t h e e a r t h t h e r e o f i n u p o n t h e r o o t s o f t h e p l a n t s . _ . .
2526. Dibble p la n tin g . This is th e most commodious method for planting most sorts ol hbrous-rootcrl
seedling plants, slips, offsets, and cuttings both of herbaceous and shrubby kinds ; and likewise for some
kinds of seeds and roots, such as broad beans, potato-sets, Jerusalem artichokes, and horseradish-sets,
bulbous roots, &c. It is expeditiously performed with a dibble or setting-stick ; therewith making a
narrow hole in the earth for each plant or root, inserting one in each hole as you go on, &c.
2.527. T row e l p la n tin g . This is performed with a garden-trowel, which, being made hollow like a scoop,
is useful in transplanting many sorts of young fibrous-rooted plants with balls of earth about their roots,
so th a t they may not be checked by th e ir removal.
2528. P la n tin g w ith balls. By removing a p lant with its roots firmly attached to a surroundmg ball of
earth it continues in a growing state, without receiving any, or but very little, check from its removal.
- This mode is often practised, more particularly with the more delicate and choicer kinds of exotics,
trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants ; and occasionally with m any of th e fibrous-rooted flowering plants.
both annuals and perennials, even in th eir advanced growth and flowering state, when particularly w
to supply any deficient compartments, or when it is intended to remove any sort of tree or plant out
o f the proper planting season, as very late in spring, or in summer. The mo^t difficult tribe of plants to
B o o k I I . T R A N S P L A N T IN G .
spread them as much as possible equally through it. More mud, previously prepared, is poured In till the
pit is full, which is then covered with dry earth, raised round the stem, but hollow
transplant, when in a growing state, are bulbous roots; these succeed with difficulty,even when removed
with balls attached. . . , ,
2529. P la n tin g by m u d d in g -in (e insc k lamcn) is a German practice in planting fru it-tre e s; particularly
suitable to th e dry sandy soils of th a t country, and sometimes adopted in similar situations m this country.
The pit being d u f out, the mould in its bottom is watered and stirred so as to form a mass of m ud about
half the depth o fth e p i t ; the tree is then inserted, and its roots worked up and down in th e mud so as to
Li stake t
the middle, so as
basin round its stem, and finally covered with litte r (nmlched), and, ii' a standard, it is fastened
to protect it from winds. Diel, a scientific German author already mentioned (409.), assures
s, th a t trees planted in this way in spring thrive better in cold situations than those planted in
the ordinary way in the preceding autumn ; and that, though it occasions considerable trouble, it should
never be neglected either in spring or autumn. He fo u n d ita lso p articu larly useful in the case of planting
fruit-trees in pots. (Obst. Orangerie, &c., vol. ii.) Pontey, alluding to this mode, says, “ planting in a
puddle occasions the soil speedily to become so firm as to be not only too hard for the roots o fth e plant
to spread, but also so as perfectly to exclude water.” ( l iu r a l Im p ro v e r , p. 89.)
2530. P la n tin g h y fix in g w ith w a te r is an excellent variety of the last species. It has been successfully
practised by Pontey, and is thus described by him : — The hole being made, and the tree placed in it in
th e usual manner, the root is then slightly covered with the finer part of the soil ; the tree being at the
same time shaken, as is common, to settle the earth among its roots. Water is then applied by a common
garden watering-pot, by pouring it upon the soil with some force, in order to wash it close to and among
the roots of the plant. This can only be done effectually, by elevating the pot as high in the hands as can
be conveniently used, after first taking off the rose. It will be obvious, th a t for such purposes ala rg e pan
with a wide spout is to be preferred. The hole is then filled up with the remainder of the soil, and that
again consolidated with water as before, which usually finishes the operation. The foot is never applied
except in the case of bad roots, which sometimes occasion the plants to be left a little leaning. In such
cases, the application o fth e foot slightly, once or twice, after the soil has become somewhat finn (which
generaily happens in less than an hour), sets the tree upright, and makes it so firm as to require no
stakhig. ( l i u r a l Im p ro v e r , p. 89.)
2531. P a n n in g , mulching, and staking. Panning is an almost obsolete phrase, applied
by Switzer, and writers of his day, to'the operation of foi-ming a hollow or basin round
trees, for the pui-pose of retaining water when given them by art. M u lc h in g consists in
laying a circle of litter round the roots of newly planted trees, to retain the natural
humidity of the soil, or to prevent the evaporation of artificial watering. S ta kin g is the
operation of supporting standard trees, by tying them with straw, or other soft tics, to
poles or stakes inserted firmly in the ground close to the tree.
2532. P la n tin g edgings. Edgings ave rows of low-growing plants, as box, daisy, &c.,
planted in lines along the margins of walks and alleys, to separate them from the earth
and gravel. They should always be planted before either the gravel is deposited or the
foundation formed. To perform the operation, the first thing is to form the surfaces for the
edgings in planes corresponding with the established slopes or levels of the borders, or othei-
parts of the garden ; observing, that a line crossing the walk at right angles, and touching
botli of the prcpai-cd surfaces, must always be a horizontal line, whether the walk be on a
level or a slope. Suppose a walk 150 ft. long on a gentle declivity, and that tlic level or
height of both ends is fixed on ; then, by the operation of the borning-pieces, any number
of intermediate points may be formed to the same slope, and the spaces between
these points are regulated by the eye, or by the application of the straight-edge. The
eai-th, so formed into a regular slope, need not exceed 1 ft. in breadth, on which the line
being stretched, half is to be cut down, with a face sloping towards the walk ; and against
this sloping or nearly pei-pendicular face, the box is to be laid as thin and regular as
practicable, and every where to the same lieight, say 1 in. above the soil. Tho box
is to be previously prepared by separation, and by shortening the roots and tops. This
is one of those operations, on the perfoi-mance of wliich with accuracy, much of the
beauty of kitchen-gardens depends.
2533. P la n tin g verges. Verges arc edgings of tuif, generally 2 ft. broad or upwards.
The turves being cut in regular laminæ, with the edges or sides of each turf
perpendicular, and the two ends oblique in the same slope, they are to be placed so that the
one may fit exactly to the other. They are next to be beaten with the beetle, aftci-wards
watered, and again beaten or rolled tül they become vei-y nearly level with the gi-avel ;
and finally a line applied to their edges, and the raser (fig . 356.) used to cut them off
perpendicularly. If the tm-f is from loamy soil, this is readüy effected ; but, if from
sandy soil, then it must bo cut very thin, and placed on good earth or loam, according to
circumstances. Verges arc sometimes, though rarely, formed of chamomile, strawberries,
dwarf thyme, &c., and of these the wood-strawben-y and chamomile produce
abundant crops.
2534. T ra n s p la n tin g o r laying down tu r f Turfing, as this operation is commonly called,
consists in laying down turf on surfaces intended for lawn, in parterres or pleasure-
gi-ounds. The tuif is cut from a smooth firm part of an old sheep-pasture, free from
coarse gi-asses : in performing this operation, the ground is first crossed by parallel lines
about 1 ft. asunder ; and afterwards intersected by others, 3 ft. asmider, both made
with a line and the turf-raser. Afterwards, the turf-spade or tui-fing-iron is employed to
separate the individual turves, which are rolled up, and conveyed to tlie spot where they
are to be used. It is to be observed, that, in this case, all the sides of each turf are
bevelled ; by which means, when they arc laid down exactly as they were before being
taken up, their edges will fit, and in some degree lap over each other ; whereby, after
rolhng, a more compact suriace wül be formed. The surface on which the tuiwes are
to be laid ought previously to be either dug or trenched, so as to be brought to one
degree of consistency, and then rolled, so that it may not afterwai-ds sink ; the tun-es, being
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