■' ,'l
imder each fiaiit, and then gently raised ov moved sideways ■ »f n P " f™" w“
into it I t is used for gathering the peach tribe, apricots, and plums.
1770 The vear-qathcrer resembles the above, bnt the ftimicl is deeply notched oi
sen-a eci in order to aid in gently drawing off ripe frnit. I t is used m gathering the
fiTei sorts of ¿ears and apples f r o ? waUs. Tliis and the last instrument are also someis
foi-med like the scissors and pincers above mentioned
- it is worked hy the hand like common scissors, and is used for gathering goose-
W s' rtra ? cn -ie s, i-Lpben-ies, and sneli fi-nits as should be touched hy no other hand
than that which conveys them to the mouth. Some opulent propnetors have branolies of
M i " c u t off anL brought to table as bouquets, in elegant "u jia vases; m
their strawherrics grown in pots, and thus served up to bo gathered as used, &c.
Jerome Bonaparte, when king of -VVestphalia, passing tlu-ough Wareaw, on his way to
Moscow in the campaign of 1812, had branches of cherry trees laden with fruit held
uprio-ht by soldiers round his table like a sort of gi-ove, from the branches of which, ex-
tcndino- over thcir heads, he and his guests gathered their dessert.
1772. Flower-gatherers are of various sorts ; hut tho host resemble the berry-gatheiei
m climhing-spur (fig. 418.) is of two sorts one Avith,
and the other without a stem. The first sort (a) is fastened to
the upper part of the leg with a leather belt (5); the other
sort (c) is tied to the feet. By means of these spui-s, one on
each foot, naked-stemmed trees may be ascended to any height,
and Avhen it is Avishcd to stop a short time at any part, the
screw of the ring (d) is entered in the trunk, and forms a iii-m
point for one foot. (Lasteyrie,Coll. de Machines,
4 1 8
.int Hasteyrie, oou.at .ikiuc/u/zco,, , j i
1774. The essential operative instruments are the knife, saAv, shears, scythe, and hammer.
S u b s e c t . 2 . Instruments o f Direction.
1775 The common characteristic o f directive or preparatory instruments is, that they
are used in actions preparatory to operations, rather than in operations themselves ; and
depend on scientific knowledge more than on practical dexterity ; this remark -will
apply also to their construction, which is founded on the doctrines of quantities, gi'a-
Yitation, &c.^ is composed of three parts : the frame, generally of fron ; the cord,
Avhich is wound upon the frame ; and the pin, which tei-minates the cord. The common
nse of the line is perfectly understood from the name ; though generally used for straight
lines yet it is also applied, by means of pegs or small stakes, to form curved hues. _
1777. The qround-measure. Of this there ai'e at least three sorts used in gardening :
a Gunter’s chain of 100 links, or sixty-six feet ; a rod of one twelfth or any eqnal part
of the chain, maiked Avith links on one side, and feet on the other ; a n d a common pocket-
rule. To these may be added a pocket measuring line ; though^ it is not, from its
contraction and expansion, to be much depended on. The chain is used to ascertain
the contents of, or to lay out and subdivide, considerable plots ; the rod for the detail
of such plots, or for marking out roAvs, &c. ; and the pockct-i-ule for taking smaller
' 1778'. Neeve's instrument fo r transferring angles (fig. 419.) is formed of a piece of
deal about two feet long ; a is the flat side of the instniment ; b, the edge ; c, the
IMPLEMENTS OE GAR-DENING.
419
short leg removed from the long le g ; d, the edge of tlie short le g ; e, part of the long
leg, showing the quadrant \ g h i form a diagram, showing the mode of using the
instrument. Supposing it were required to draAv an angle of forty-five degrees from the
p o in t / on the line g h : place the short leg parallel Avith the Une, so that the long
leg touches the given point, then di*aw the Une i f . I f you require a perfect triangle,
tu rn the instniment over, draw a line along its side, and the triangle will be completed ;
each side of the instrument being alike in length, and perfectly flat.
1779. Godsalfs^ parallel rods (fig. 420.) consist of two rods (a and b), six feet long,
and two inclies wide. Into a two strips, fourteen inches long, arc firmly mortised, at
right angles ; these pass through b, and, by means of wooden pins, the rods are secured
by them at the required distance apai-t ; c is a handle fixed to the rod a at a right
angle. Wlien the bed is raked level, and edged, after having the necessaiy margin along
the side, the rod a is placed where the outside row is to be planted ; the instrument
must then be pressed sUghtly Avith the foot, when it wiU leave two pai-allel impressions.
The rods must afterwards be sliiftcd on in a dfrect Une, always placing tbeir ends, as a
guide, about a foot along the previous marks, and then pressing them as before, till tho
operator an-ives at the end of the bed. In returning, the rod a must be placed in tho
fuiTow, before made by b ; and so on, till the whole bed is marked longitudinally. By
applying the rods in a similar manner across the bed, it is formed into squares ; and by
this method a bed, twenty feet by four feet, may be accurately maiked in five minutes.
The instniment is also useful as a square ; and may be employed as a leAral, by attaching
a plummet Une to the top of the handle. The rod b is divided into feet and inches,
and is easily detached for sundiy pm-poses,
1 7 8 0 . O f timbet'-measures and dendrometers there are various kinds, and their use is
for taking the dimensions of standing timber Avithout climbing the tree. Broad’s mea-
M 31 2
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