A R T 696 O F G A R D E N IN G . Part III.
nm-sery; and perhaps it
is tlie only form which
can be given witliout
subsequent injury to the
tree.” There is nothing
very peculiai- in this form
tlie first and second year
of training (Jig . 724.
a, b ), after being headed
down ; but in the third
year (c ), the reversing
of the lateral shoots (d ),
becomes a chai-acteristic.
2574. Seymour’s mode
o f fa n tra in in g (Jig. 725.)
has been chiefly applied ___
“ Jftoi-dlo cherries. This mode is the invention of Mr.
John Seymour-, gardener to Miles Stapleton, Esq. of Carleton HaU, Yorkshire ; and has
T R A IN IN G . 697
been prMised by Mr. Seymour, aud his sons, for np-R-ards of thirty years, Accordmg to
t -? L reLp?™?“ " of loading shoots, -which mnst be produced as the
f r ? rl - T ®i are trained along a line, marked or imagined on the -wall,
from the ongm of the shoot on the mam stem, to any point beyond its extreme length.
Tin, distance of the-leading shoots from one another is regulated by a semicircular Une,
Ti,?i, ! fern the stem ; tho spaces between the shoots on that lino being 10 in.
J r ? ? Pioduccd the first year after planting a tred, one year old from the bud, or
h ? f H upright slioot, and t-wo side shoots. In tho second spring, the upright shoot
? 1™! ai» shortened to force them to pnsh out lateral
6? ? ’ '7 ? , f " f“‘u®e hearing, as at a, in the
shortened to H m. oi 12 in., as at b, m the figure, in order to get two principal leading
.® about 3 in. from the stem, and the other at the
leaR? sh?t T « nmiibei', or ncai'ly so, of the
? ,? ■ "®"ta ®°’ “ ® ®®ft® ®hoots may be
one, and tt ee wanll very speeAdily ffn’r mslied. (“G a®™rd®. fM«®a'®g®. ,® v«o°l°. ‘i®i . p. 29h6e. )produced from
,o,untf himonrziozu?ta?lfly on o/aeAh side ,‘ ®a nd is more especially adapte®d‘® “fo’r 'pac‘ea®ra tfr beersa.nches are led
-md t e u Z B l tra m m g w ith tbe screw stem is chiefly applicable to pears and apples;
toJots WlJ. *®'®™'"®L°ta™®® «7 ® “ push at proper places for the horizontal
shoots. Whcie tlus is not adopted, the annual heading down of the vertical shoot is
Book II.
resorted to, by which the
726
same effect is produced ; but
the tree requires in this case
a longer period to fill the
wall. It may be effected
either with one or two main
stems; but, in general, the
latter mode is preferable (fig .
726.), as distributing the sap
or vigour of tho tree more
equally.
2577. P erp end icular tra in ing
is performed by leading
one horizontal shoot fi-om
each side of the stem, and
within 1 ft. or 18 in. of the
ground; the shoots wliich proceed from these arc led up perpendicularly to the top of
the wall; sometimes such shoots are trained in tho screw or serpentine manner, particularly
in vines and cmi-ants, which bear remarkably well in this form. This is the
original mode of training practised by the Dutch, aud is stiU more common in Holland
and Flanders than any where else.
2578. Oblique tra in in g is a species of vertical training, iu which tho lateral shoots are
trained obliquely to tho main stem. It is particularly adapted for cherries. Thouin
remarks, that the shoots should not be raised above an angle of 45°, unless iu the case
of a very weak shoot, which, for one season, may bo led perpendicularly; nor lowered
below the horizontal line, unless in the case of an excessively strong gom-mand or water-
shoot. The angle of 45°, indeed, is recommended by tho French writers, as the best
for all shoots of fi-uit-trees to assume, whether by the training against walls, or the
pruning of standards. (See tho articles E s p a lie r and T re ille in C ours Complet d ’A g r iculture,
&c.)
2579. W a v y o r c u rvilin e a r tra in in g , Hayward considers as combining “ all the grand
requisites stated to be produced ” by the modes recommended by other wi-iters on fruit-
trees. “Tho stems (fig . 727.a) being two principal branches through which the sap
t
727
will flow in equal portions from the root, to the lengtli of 3 ft., before it is permitted to
form collaterals, the same effect will be produced as if the whole sap were to pass up
the single stem of a standai-d of 6 ft. ; trees pf which description, it is justly observed by
Bradley, ‘ make fruit-branches iu such plenty, that hardly any barren shoots are to be
found upon them.’ The whole of tho sap wül, by this mode of training, be expended in
profitable and increasing production, and the same square of waUing wül be fm-iiished
with more hearing wood, in three years, than can possibly bo done hy any other mode,
and than can be effected hy the common mode of practice, in less than eight or ten
^^'^580. T ra in in g d w a rfs. About a century ago, when dwarfs were in the greatest
vogue they were trained into regular geometrical shapes, witliout the least regai-d to the
natural shape or tendency of the branches of the tree. In the works of Quintmey and
Arnaud d’Andilly are described concave, conical, fusiform, spiral, and other dwai-fs. _
2581. Concave o r cup-shaped d w a rfs (a rb o n jin boomen. Dut.; en gobelet or en tonnoir,
Fr.) are trained concave or hollow in the middle, having all the branches ranged cu-cu-
lavly around the stem, in an ascending direction, so as to form tho heart of the tree
hollow or concave. ^ ^ .
2582. C onical o r p y ram id a l d w a rfs taper like a cone or pyramid from the base to the
summit. A variety of this mode of training (fig . 728.), practised m the gai-dcns of the
Horticultural Society at Cliiswick, is effected by having the points of all the shoots tied
m