but the expense is considerable, as, to prevent the lodging of insects, the trellis must_ be
smooth and painted. The trees tlms enjoy the shelter and regular heat of the wall without
being injured by its dampness in rainy weather; and as the wall is not injiucd by the
driviiio- and drawing of nails, there arc fewer lurking places for the woodlouse and the
snail. ” tI i c rails o fth e trellis arc made closer or wider, according to the nature ot the
tree to he trained against it. In a few instances, in Scotland, wxlls have been budt ot
different kinds of whinstone, chiefly greenstone and basalt.’ (Edm. Encyc., art. H o rt)
In Eno-land trellises arc frequently formed by stretching copper wire, one sixteenth ot an
inch in diameter, in horizontal lines eight inches a p a rt; the wire being ftistciied to the
wall hy cast-iron nails, with eyes (Jig. 543.), through which it is passed.
9S10 T7,f rnin-wi ofbricks in kitchen-garden waUs, some artists require to be laid horizontally, or on a
level I'but imt, Nicol, .-ma most modern designers prefer tbom bud m hires paraUd the ^rfaco of
nf hrirk ind 'fhe suVfacc of the ground. Were they laid in horizontally, there would necessarily be an
L s t J ? Efaéktat ta rt tree This is a matter deserving attentron, both on account
of economy and the effect produced.
28»0 Manv different kinds o f wooden walls have been described (2024.), and one or
other of them mky be adopted in small gardens, or in particular situations. Nicol
affirms (K a l, p. 148.) that fruits may be produced on wooden walls m as high perfection
as on those of brick. He acknowledges them, however, to be less durable, bwitzer
describes a wooden fmit-wall, made from the hoards or sides of old shipping, which
mav be had at soa-port towns, and is, indeed, ono of tho best for fruit of any, not
exc'epting brick walls ; for, being pitched and tarred, on account of its preseri'ation before
it g o ? to sea, time and the salt water, and the different climates through which the
vessel sails, so harden and incrústate tho planks, that tho heat of tho sun strikes upon it
to a degree not to he borne withal, as all that make voyages at sea can tc,stify. 4 Hisc
kinds (it- wooden walls are generally made at half the expense of brick, and will last many
years ; and you may nail tolerably well into them.” „ n , r i„ „ot ”
2821. Mud walls. A sort of walls to save bncks are made of m ud ; but I do not,
savs Lvitzor. “ thereby mean such as were in old times made of those coarse materials,
though I have, I confess, often seeh good frait on thorn, but such as they make at this
time'in Dorset and Wiltshire (dry climates), chalk and mud mixed togethei, with a
proportionable quantity of old hay or straw mixed with it These walls, when the
foundations arc laid of brick, or stone, or or 3 ft. Ingh which they often
do, make very good walls for fruit frees.” (P ra c t Fr. Gard., p. -SOO.) Phc gicat durability
of cob-waUs, which are of this description, when constructed with a stone foundation
and a secure coping, is attested in the Encijc. o f Cott Arch., § 838. to ^ 842.
2822. Open railings, or lattice-work o f timher or
cast iron, are sometimes used as substitutes for walls.
The gai-deii of tho Duke of Chandos (Pope’s Thnoii),
at Edgeivare, was surrounded hy a wrought-iron rail
12 ft. high. We have, in the case of a garden of a
north aspect, employed an open railing (Jig. 746. b)
mstcad of the south wall, and a boarded wall (a )
as the fence of the north side. The advantage
of this plan is, that the south border (c) of the north
wall is sheltered at all times, and the north border
and walk of the south rail (e i) are exposed to^ the
sun during winter aud spring, when the trees trained
against the rail are defoliated ; while in summer the
same border is shaded by the foliation of tho trees,
and thereby as well adapted for salading and late
crops as the north border of any opaque wall. This
garden had round ends ; the semicircular compartments
( f , g) formed by which were devoted to fruit-
shrubs ; and the other compartments (A), being rectangular,
to tho culture of the ordinary annual crops ;
at one end was a building (A) serving as a tool-
house and watching*lodge. /. i.
2823 Hot or Jlued walls have been in use in kitchen-gardens for more than a c en tu ry ;
but till lately they wore confined to walls with southern aspects. A t present, however,
it is not uncommon, where ail the four walls of a qnadrangtdar kitchen-garden are
of brick to flue the whole of them. The expense of a flued wall is exactly the same
as that of a solid one, what is lost in labour being gained m ma terials; and it is
found of great advantage, in cold and late autumns, to apply hres for tycn two or
tbrep weeks as weH to ripen the wood, as the remaining fruit. An improvement
iu ^ ^ of flu?d walls has been made by IVR. ShicUs, of Erskine House,
which may bo thus described. In the wall (fig. 747.) there is an open space (c) over the
fireplace, wlicrc the smoke and heated air enter the fhics ; and here, at a, a damper is
placed for regulating the admission of the heat throughout the whole wall. By drawing
this damper a few inches, a certain portion, at the pleasure of the operator, of the
hottest air, direct from the fornace, is allowed to ascend direct to the third flue, which
thus renders the upper portion of the wall as hot as the lowcr part, without the necessity
of any variation whatever in the construction of the brickwork. (Gard. Mag., vol. viii.
p. 670.) Flued walls may be heated by steam or hot water, as well as by smoke or hot
a i r ; but there is this great advantage of adopting steam or hot water, that regular flues
arc unnecessary, all that is required being to construct the wall hollow from bottom to
top, introducing at the height of 18 in. or 2 ft, from the level of the ground a single tube
for the circulation of the heated fluid.
2824. Cross walls (fig. 748. a, h) are introduced
where the boundary wall is not sufiicicntJy extensive
to produce the desired quantity of fruit, and
♦ also to produce shelter to the garden. They are
very generally flucd walls in all modern gardens
north of London, and are not unfi-equcntly wliolly
or in part covered with glass. The direction of
these walls is almost universally cast and west,
and thcir height is detei-mincd by the surrounding
walls to which they arc joined. These cross walls,
Nicol observes, arc not placed nearer to each other
than 100 f t.; if they be 200 ft. separate, it is
perhaps better.
2825. Hedges are sometimes introduced instead o f
cross walls; but it is obvious they possess only
two of their advantages, those of affording shelter
and shade. Where they are adopted for these
purposes, evergreens, as the holly, box, laurel,
spruce, &c,, arc to be preferred to deciduous tre e s ;
as, from thcir surface being, at all seasons of the
year, more compact than that of deciduous hedges,
they are less liable to harbour birds and vcnnin.
No hedge has a finer effect than one of shining
green holly, decorated with its coral ben-ies. (See
Ho rt Trans, vol. ii. p. 354.) An admirable gai-den
hedge might he formed with the greatest rapidity,
and with certainty of being uninjured by insects,
by covering a cast-iron trellis with giant ivy,
2826. Colour o f walls. Garden walls are generally
left of the native colom- of the material of
which they are constructed; but they have been
also coloured white or black, and the latter colour
frequently prefen-ed, as absorbing and radiating
more heat than any other, and thereby accelerating
the maturity and improving the quality of fruits. (H. Hawes, in Hort. Trans., vol. iii.
p. 330.) From various trials, it appears that fruit-walls of every description, in the open
air may be blackened ivith advantage; but under glass, white is preferable, as reflecting
hght, which is there obtained with more difficulty than heat.
S e c t. IX. Eing-fence and Slip.
2827. The ring or outer fence o f a garden is generally placed at some distance from the
fruity or main walls. The object is to admit the use of these on both sides, as well as to
obtain a portion of ground in addition to what is enclosed. This fence may either be
an evergreen hedge, paling, low wall, or sunk fence, and with or without a wire fence to
exclude hares and rabbits. It may be placed at any distance from the walls, according
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