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of tlie second, green, with small yellow rings on tho sides of the body ; that of the third
(a) is also gi*ecn, but striped down the back and sides with orange. The most effectual
method of destroying these is by picking the catcrpillai-s from the plants. When full
fed, they remove to the trunks of trees, old walls, pales, &o., where they fasten themselTCs
by a transverse tiu-ead, and change into their chrysalis state (i) : in such situations they
may be sought after, and the next brood considerably dimmishod. Fowls, ducks, and
sea-gulls are of much tise hi keeping these and other insects within due bounds, but arc
apt to scratch the soil, destroy young plants, or eat roots. Turkeys are preferable.
3.54G. P r e v e n tiv e device. We have not witnessed the re sult of the following experiment, and therefore
cannot speak as to its efficacy : —“ If in a patch of ground where cabbages are to be planted some hemp-
seed be sown all round th e edge, in the spring, the strong smell which th a t plant gives in vapour will
prevent theinitterflyfrom infesting the cabbages. The Russian peasantry, in those provinces where hemp
IS cultivated, have their cabbages within those fields,by which they are free from caterpillars.” { J .B u s c h .
in U o r t. T ra n s ., vol. iv. p. 569.)
3547. T k e jirh ic ip a l d isease to which the cabbage is liable is th e club in the root. T h e p a rt swells, and
becomes a tubercle as large as a gooseberry, and sometimes the size of a hen’s egg. This is produced by
the grub or larva of a small weevil, th e Curcùlio contractus of Marsham, which is introduced, in th e egg
state, though a hole made by th e snout of the parent insect. Insects o fth e same species frequently produce
similar tubercles on th e roots of the turnip, and are known to farmers by the name of the g r u b .
When the club attacks plants before transplantation, the part of tho root on which it appears should be
cut off; in the case of transplanted crops, th ere is no remedy but taking up, cutting off, and re -transplanting.
Some, in planting, apply ashes, lime, &c., at the roots ; but nothing of this sort has been found of
much advantage. In general, frequent transplanting (as pricking out twice or oftener before making
th e final plantation) is a palliative, as it promotes fibrous roots, and the club attacks chiefly those which
are ramose.
S e c t . H . Plants.
3548. The leguminous esculents arc of great antiquity as culinaiy vegetables. The
space occupied by this tribe in the kitchcn-garden, during the spring aud summer
months, is very considerable, probably amounting to an eighth part of the open compartments,
and warm borders ; but towards autumn, as tlic crop ripens, it is given up to
be succeeded by other crops, chiefly of the cabbage and turnip tribes. These, independently
of other cfrcumstances, having fibrous or surface-roots, succeed well to the taproots
of the bean and pea. In cottage gardens, the bean is vciy profitably grown among
cabbages and potatoes; and the pea and kidneybean may occupy a space to be filled up
in October with winter gi-eens. We shall take them in the order of the pea, bean, and
kidneybean.
S u b s e c t . 1 . Pea.—Eisum sativum L. (Lam. III. \. 163.); Diad. Decdn. L. and
Leguminosa J. Pois, F r.; Erbse, Ger.; Erwat, Dutch; Pisello, Ital.; Pesóles,
Span.; and Ervillia, Port. See Encyc. o f Ag., § 5191.
3549. The pea is a hardy annual, a native of tho south of Europe, and cultivated in
this country from time immemorial. It was not very common, however, in Elizabeth’s
time, when, as Fuller imforms us, peas were brought from Ilolland, and were “ fit
dainties for ladies, they came so far, and cost so dear.”
¿50.__ The use of the pea is familiar in cookery. Iu one variety, called th e sugar-pea (pois sa n s p a r c k e -
m in , F r.), th e inner tough film of the pods is wanting; and such pods, when young, are frequently
boiled with th e seeds or peas w ithin them, and eaten in the manner of kidneybeans. This variety is coraparatively
new, having been introduced about the middle o fth e 17th century. Dried peas are also used
in soups, but it is found that after they have been kept a year they do not break, or fall well it
it is also understood among dealers in peas, th a t those which have been grown on stiff land, c • '• ’ • ’ ■ ••• • r_ii .-.i- „ai__ ______ ., , ’ ,
1 the soup;
land, that has been limed, marled, or gypsumed, wi'u not fall in boiling, wîietiier new or old. ’ ( Se*e E ^ c .
o f A g r ., \ 5218.)
3551. TAe wimeife« of th e pea are numerous : the principal are —
Ewarf-growing Peas.
1. Early frame. Early single blosaomcil,
Early double blossomed. Early double
frame. Early single frame, Eaily
superfine, I'ois le phis hâtif.
2. Early Wanvick: tliis is-said to be ten
days earlier than the Early frame.
5. Early Charlton, Golden Charlton,
Hotspur, Nimble tailor. Golden Hotspur,
Pois Michaux.
4. Bishop's early dwarf.
S>. JKaiie’i rpieen of dwarfs, syn. Dancer’s
monastery pea.
6. Late blue dwarf Spanish, or Groo'ca's
dwarf. (Sec Gard. Mag., vol. vii.
p. 306.)
7. White Prussian, Prolific, Poor man’s
profit.
8. Blue Prussian.
9. Spanish Morallo, or Black spotted.
11. Knig/tl’sdwarf, Marrow. (See Gard.
Mag., vol. i. p. 155.)
12. Dwarf green imperial, Master’s imperial.
15. Ewarf crooked sugar, Pois sans
Tall.grcnving Peas.
14. Tall marrowfat, Woodford marrow,
White rounoivai.
15. Knight’s tall marrowfat.
16. Tall green imperial.
17. Pois à cosse iaune.
18. Tall crookca sugar. Pois sans parclie-
min à grandos cosses, Grosse scliottigo
zuckercrbse.
3552. E s tim a te o f so rts. T h e varieties, besides differing in th e colour of the blossoms, lieight of the
stalks, and modes of growth, are found to have some material differences in hardines.s to stand the winter,
time of coming in, and flavour of the fruit. The first five sorts are the best for sowings to be made from
th e end of October till the middle of January, and for late crops sown between the middle of June and
the beginning of August. The fine flavour of the marrowfat is well known. A few dwarf marrowfats
may be sown in December and January, as mild weather may occur; but the time for sowing full crops
o f the larger kinds of peas is from th e beginning of February till th e end of April. Knight’s pea is very
prolific, and retains its fine sweet flavour when full grown. The egg, the moratto, the Prussian blue,
th e ronncivals, and the large sugar, are all very fine eating peas in young growth ; and, like the marrow-
fat, may be sown freely, according to the demand, from the third week of February till the close of April,
and, in smaller crops, u n til the middle of June. T h e names of peas, however, are continually varying,
and even the varieties constantly changing ; as a p roof of which we may mention that some sorts which
were highly approved of in 1821, when the first edition of this work appeared, arc now, in 1849, nowhere
PEA.
ÍvJ h/ th ^ e fo re must necessarily rely much on the seedsman; and, ra the r than order
iu S ih fo lL u object m view, and request to have such varieties as may be considered most
n /Lrfo/ort ^ instead of ordering the early frame for his earliest
' ’®*'y earliest pea that you h av e ; ” he would, in that case,
?L T /i if fuL / 1 ’ CiirFer than the frame: and, a t any future
^ t earlier pea should be originated, he would receive that.
fortx/ort'A ? / “ To try for a crop as early as possible, sow, of th e sort preferred as hardy and
forward, a small portion on a sheltered south border, or other favourable situation, at the close of October
h? n November. Follow with another sowing in December, that, if the former
fi ¿ r iv « f iL f t / / f 1® dV this, coming up later, may have a better chance to s ta n d ; and if both
? ff ’ succeed each other m fruit in May and Ju n e .” According to Lindley, “ a
much better way of obtaining an early crop, and a t one twentieth part of the trouble, is to sow the peas
ft«rtf ®P^’ ‘’^,shalfow pots, and place them under a common frame, where they may be protected from
5rii,r« ff the middle of March the plants must be turned carefully out of th e pots, so as not to
¿ n f nf fía *'/i ñ’ ®®*? Prfifted out 1 in. apart in drills, under a south wall, a t 3¿ ft. or 4 ft. from the
l o ¿ oí the wal , d r y i n g a ndge of mould 6 m. high at the back of the plants, and protecting them bv
a lew clo sely -p l¿ cd spruce-fir branches on the north side. In this manner peas may be brought much
¡¿w a rd e r than those sown upon the border, and under the greatest care and attention.” (G u id e to
the Orchard a n d Kitch en Ga rd en , p. 567.) See Mr. Judd on this subject, in G a rd . M a s ., vol. i. n 164
and Mam on a similar practice in Scotland, Ib id . vol. vi. p. 555. Another mode practised with great
success IS to use larger pots, say from 4 in. to 6 in. in d iamete r; place a number of peas in each not
¿ d put t h ¿ 111 a cool frame or vinery from November till March. They are then to bo tran.splanted
m row's 4 fri apart, and 2 ft. asunder in the rows, turning out the balls without disturbing the roots
1-01 a few nights a t first they may be covered with large p o ts ; but soon afterwards they must be staked.
1- or other details of this practice, see Gard. Ma g ., vol. vii. p. 463. Mr. Knight sows two dozen of peas
iound the margin ot a jiot 9 in. in diameter, about the middle of January, sticking in beside them a
circle ot twigs about 1 It. high. They are then placed in a hotbed, where they remain till the middle of
March, when they will be found 14 in. high, and fit to transplant to the open border. (G a rd . Mag. vol viii
p. 4,14.) Mr. Bishop recommends as a plan far preferable to th at of raising peas in pots or boxes on a
tiotbed, to have a quantity of tu rf cut into pieces of about 9 in. or 10 in. long, and 3 in. or 4 in. broad •
to place th e s e m a regular manner over the surface of the bed, grass side downwards; to sow a row of
peas on each row of turf, and afterwards to cover them with soil. When they are fit for transplanting
nothing more is required than to lift out the tu rf piece by piece, with the peas growing upon it, and to
place them where they are to produce their crop. (G a rd . M a g ., vol. i. p. 127.) For the Brussels
practice with early peas and beans, see Ib id ., vol. ii. p. 461. “ F or more considerable, and less uncertain
returns, either in succession to the above, or as first early and intermediate crops, sow larger portions
in December or ¿ n u a ry , if open temperate weather, 'l^'o provide for main crops, make successive
sowings of the suitable sorts trom February till the end of May. It frequently proves, that the fruit
irom a sowing at th e begmning of Februaryis not a week later than that from a crop raised in November-
nay, the l-ebruary-sown plants sometimes surpass all th a t have stood the winter, in forward returns’
as well as quantity. From th e middle of Febmary make successive sowings every three weeks iii
the course ot March, April, and May; or twice a-month in summer, when a continued succession is
to be provided till the latest period. At the close of th e sowing season, July and th e first week of
August, sow a reduced quantity each time; because the returns will depend on a fin e mild autumn
following, and whatever fmit is obtained will be small and scanty.”
3.554. Qua n tih j o f seed. Of the small early kinds, one pint will sow a row of 20 yards; for th e larger
sorfo for mam crops, the same measure wil! sow a row of 33 yards. F or an instance of the failure of
seed under peculiar circumstances, see Gard. Ma g ., vol. vi. p. 233. and 503.
sowing. “ F or early sorts, make the drills in. deep; and let parallel drills be
2 3 ft., 3 ft., or 4ft. asunder. Peas that are to grow without sticks require the least room. For summer
¿ o p s and large sorts, make th e drills 2 in. deep, and 4 ft., 6 ft., or Gft. asunder. When peas are intended
to be staked, it is considered a good plan never to sow more than two rows together in one place, and
then ¿ 3 ft. apart. A much larger crop, and a great saving of ground is by this means obtained. It
JS well known, that the outsides of double rows bear much more abundantly than the insides; and if
mily two rows m one place, and two more in another were sown, there would be four outsides; whereas
^¥^*’97'/®*'® together, there would be but two outsides. Two rows in one place occupy
3 (t. 6 in. Ill width, and two rows m another, the same, making together 7 ft.; but if four rows were
sown together, they would take up 11 ft. or 12ft. of ground. Here, therefore, is a saving of ground of
neariy one half. (Gard- M a g ., vol. iv. p. 22.5.) As to the distances along the drill, distribute the peas
accordmg to their sizeand the season: the frame, th ree in the space of 1 in .; the dwarf marrowfat two in
l i n . ; the Prussian blue and middle sized sorts, three in 2 i n . ; the large marrowfat and Knight’s a full
inch ap a rt; and th e largest sorts, IU»- or 2 in. apart.
3556. B ro tc c tin g f r o m mic e a n d b irds. Cut a quantity of dried furze into pieces about 1 in. in length
and after the peas are sown in drills in the usual manner, cover them about 1 in. in thickness with the
furze, and afterwards with the soil, which tread in, in the usual manner. (,ó a rd . M a g ., vo l iii n 117)
Birds are scared off by fixing pegs in th e ground along each side of the rows, about 4 in. high, and aboiit
4 ft. from each other. To these worsted threads are attached, and sometimes crossed from one row
to the other. When the birds attempt to perch on th e strings, they are overthrown, and so frightened
th a t they never attempt it again. Some ta r th e string, supposing that the smell will deter the birds
but experience proves th at the string is equally effective w ithout th e ta r as with it. {Gard. M ag. vol. iv!
35.57. Soil a n d situ a tio n . “ The soit should be moderately rich, and deep, and strong, for the lofty
growers. Peas are not assisted, but hurt, by unreduced dung recently turned in. A fresh sandy loam
and a little decomposed vegetable matter, is the best manure. The soil for the early crops should be very
dry. 1- or early crops, put m from October till the end of January, let the situation be sheltered, and the
aspect sunny. Before the end of December, every ono or two rows should stand close under a south or
south-eastern fence. In January, several parallel rows may be extended, under a good aspect, farther
from the fence. After January, till the end of May, sow in an open situation. F or the late crops return
again to a sheltered sunny border.” ’
35.58. Su bsequent c u ltu r e . “ As the plants rise from half an inch high to 2 in. or 3 in., begin to draw
earth to the .stems, doing this when th e ground is in a dry state ; and earthing gradually higher as the
stems ascend. At the same time, with the hoe loosen the ground between th e young plants and cut
down rising weeds. Earlycrops should be protected during hard frosts by dry straw or other light litter
laid upon sticks or brushwood; but remove the covering as soon as th e weather becomes mild. If iri
April, May, and th e course of summer, continued dry weather occurs, watering will be necessary, especially
to plants in blossom and swelling th e f ru it; and this trouble will be repaid in the produce. Rows
partly cut off may be made up by transplanting. This is best done in March. In dry weather, water,
and in hot days, shade, until the plants strike. All peas fruit better for sticking, and continue longer
productive, especially the larger sorts. Stick the plants when from 6 in. to 12 in. high, as soon as they
begin to vine. Provide branchy sticks of such a height as the sort will re q u ire : for the frame and other
dwarf sorts, 3 ft. high ; for the middle-sized sorts, 4 ft. or 5 f t . ; and for the marrowfat and larger kinds,
6 ft., 9 ft., or 10 ft. Place a row of sticks to each line of peas, on th e most sunny side, east or south, that the
attraction of the sun may incline the plants towards the sticks. Place about half the number on the
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