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S e c t . II. Trees and Shrubs bearing^ Nuts, Acorns, Masts, Keys, ^c., tkeir Gathering,
Soioing, and Hearing.
5984. The principal hardy trees and shrubs hearing nuts, acorns, masts, ^c., which ripen
iheir seeds in Britain, ai'c the following : —
Quércus Pliéllos, November. Quércus fiòbur, or pedunculàta, Oct.
fivstÌKlùtii. December,
sessiliflòra, October,
pubéscens, December.
Virrns, November.
Dlex, November,
/ùber, Novcicber.
pramúutia, November,
irin u s , November.
Lucombedna, November
coccínea, November.
Cérris, November,
Alba, November.
jiubéscuiií,Í ..-...........
Fráxinus excélslor, November.
Fàgus selvàtica, September, October
Castànea vésca, November.
v®'sculus Ilippocàstanum, October.
C.àri>inu8 /iétulus, November.
Flátanus occidcntàlis, December.
A'ccr Pseùdo-Plàtanns, October.
campéstris, and various species, Sept.
réùglansri-'- .........
Sìimbs.
Amÿgdalus commùnis, Septomber.
Staphylèa pinnàta, October.
Córylus Avellàna, October.
5985. Gathering and keeping. The seeds of these trees being gathered, the greater part of them should,
i f circumstances permit, be immediately sown; but where this cannot be done, or where they are to be
sent to a distance, they should be thinly spread in an airy loft till thoroughly dried, when they may be
preserved till spring in bags or barrels, or sent off to any distance in these or other packages. When the
seeds of the ash, sycamore, platanus, and hombeam, are only to be kept for the purpose of spring sowing,
th e best plan is to take them to the rotting-ground (5959.), mix them with their bulk of dry sand or
ashes, spread them in a stratum of 10 in. in tliickness, in the form of beds, cover with sand to the same
thickness, and leave them in that state till wanted for spring sowing.
5986. Sowing. The bcdding-in, or cnffing-in manner (2307.), or by drills, may be adopted for all the
kinds. Acorns, horse and Spanish chestnuts, almonds, and hazel-nuts, should be sown in February, in
strong loam, in good heart, and well comminuted: th e seeds should be placed J in. apart, and covered
2m . thick. Walnuts require a similar soil and covering, but shouldbe placed 2 in. nut from nut.
Ash seeds will come up in soil of middling quality, but it should be well dug, and in an open situation,
th at th e p la n ts may not be drawn. Place the seeds J in . apart, and cover l i n . Sycamore plants
when young being liable to be killed by the frost, th e seeds should not be sown till th e end of March
or beginning of A p ril; they should be sown in exposed, dry, sandy soil, 1 in. apart, and covered 1 in.
m thickness. On rich moist land they will rise so tall and soft, th at th e extremities of their .choots
will not ripen in autumn, and th e plants will in consequence be unfit for use. Beech plants, when newly
risen, are still more tender than those of th e sycamore kind, and therefore should generallv be sown A „ —»1 I...4. „rort 1.. rtroro rtX.-» rtl ;.J J l_ ro tfrtl._ ro _ rtl. Q in April, but not later than the middle of the month ; for, i' ff very 1d ryY mwea.t1h er se.t• i n, t. h. ey • l i l l
till the following spring, and so have a great chance of perishing by the frost. 7’he soil should be
tender and rich, previously under a culinary crop with dung; and it should receive a small dressing of
well-rotted manure previousiyto digging for semination. T h e seeds should lie 1 in. apart, and be
covered a full inch. The best time for sowing the hornbeam is in October; but it may also be sown
m F ebrua ry: the soil should be light, but not very ric h ; the bed form answers best: the seeds should
lie J m. apart, and be covered J in. in thickness. The platanus is seldom raised from seeds; but
when this is done, a soft peat-earth soil Is th e best, and the covering should not be more than J in.
1 he seeds of the bladder-nut, if sown as soon as gathered, will come up the following spring ; if not, a
part will not rise till the second year : sow in light rich soil, and cover IJ in. deep.
5987. Transplanting. T h e operations of loosening the plants, sorting them into sizes, and pruning
thcir roots and tops, require to be first performed. As these plants have generally long and strong taproots,
these require to be cut in the operation of loosening; which, for this purpose, must be performed
with a sharp spade, and care taken, in thrusting it down, that the root may n et be cut too high ; care
should also be taken to preserve uninjured all the lateral fibres. In sorting the plants into two or three
sizes, the fractured tap-root of each must be cut smoothly off with a sharp knife, and any side shoots on
the stem cut close off. If the plants cannot be immediately planted, they may bo laid in by the heels, or
shougkcd; that is, thickly bedded in the bedding-ground (5959.) till wanted. Here they may remain in
layers not more than 3 in. or_4 in. thick, for a month or two in the winter season; and for a week or
two even in February and March. None of . th . e . kinds . . . should . . remain lain in the seed-bed longer than two
two
yea rs; but in drills they ley may remain three years;y e a rs ; and more
more especially cially if the operation of tapping be
be
performed, th a ..t is, cutting ...tting through their tap-roots about 8 In.1... below ........ the surface. “ This is most
uiuai.
effectually and readily done by two men with sharp spades ; rutting or cutting the ground obliquely with
th eir spades, on each side the line at once, and exactly opposite to each other. After this operation has
been performed, the nlants should be made firm.hv
side. These kinds,
rootdone,
riie plants firm, by a person treading the rows with one foot on each
' ’ ■ ’ 0 tapped, will, in th e course of the following season, in consequence of being thus
reot-pruned, push many moré fibres on the upper p a rt of their roots, than they
■ ?y otherwise would have
shallow soils, or indeed
e ; and thus will the plants be better fitted for being transplanted into si . ro„ .. roro.’l rtUro» fcU - __ U I-____ 1. . . _ ■__________ _ ,l. . . .»
---- ----- --— .rt.... rtrt rtrt.rtOT. ...rtOTrtrt .OT.. OTiOT.rta^ OT. u...»^aL,rtXOTOTOTrt .IIVU 01.<rtrtJUV> OULI^, Ui JiiUCI/U
into any soil, than they would have been by being allowed to remain In the ground untapped till the
time of taking u p .” (Plant. K a l.,p .\Z 5 .)
5988. Trench planiing is decidedly the best for all plants to be placed in lin e s ; b u t more especially for
ligneous sorts. Dibbling in is an easier and more rapid mode; but by trench planting the fibres are
spread out and regularly disposed on each side of the main ro o t; whereas, by dibbling, as Sang observes
they are “ huddled together into a hole probably not more than I J in . in diameter.” Dibbling
however, may be adopted in the case of such seedling trees as have been robbed of most of th eir fibrous
roots, by being pulled out in thinning beds intended to stand for two years.
5989. The age at which most o f these sorts should be transplanted is one y e a r; and the soil most desirable
for removing them to, is the same as recommended for the seed-bed. The distances between the lines
and the ffiants in the line depend partly on their kinds, but principallv on th e length of time theyare to
stand before retransplantmg or final removal. The larger growing broad-leaved sorts, as the chestnuts
afi.nQd w„roarltn „urotrso*, .rtooO Ts4t.aVn.rodr t1oAn2lryt.1 o neo 5yret ar, shoul_d_ .nJolrtt -b.o- . ln.e arer than.. 18 .in- . b°y 6 i n . ; and the oak. ash. beech • &c., not nearer than 14 in. by 3 i n . ; if to stand for three years, the interspaces may be 2 in. c
something depends on th e openness o fth e situation, and a good deal on the soil. The judicious nursery-
gardener will consider all the circumstances, and adopt such variations of the ordinary distances as shall
produce plants with well-ripened shoots and numerous fibrous roots.
5990. Pruning, cullure, and taking up fo r fin a l planting. When th e plants are to remain two or more
vears m the nursery lines without removal, dig th e ground between th e rows in winter. A week or two
betöre midsummer cut close off th e lower side shoots; some defer this work till winter; but, besides the
loss of sap avoided by midsummer pruning, the wounds heal the same season. In taking up for final
planting, such plants as have been trench-planted must be loosened on the side which was solid a t plantin
g ; It they have been in training for several years, they should be lifted by throwing out a trench on
belowldi thefeoot?'^ depth of the roots, and then putting in the spade on th e opposite side, so as to get
S e c t . III. Trees and Shrubs with berried Stones, tkeir Gathering, Sowing, and Bearing.
5991. Tke principal hardy trees and shrubs with berried
I Britain, are the following : — which ripen their i
/'lex Aquifòlium, November.
Fixua baccàta, November,
/¿hámnus Alatérnus, October.
Frángula, September,
cathàrticus, November.
Xafirus nóbilis, November.
spinósa, October.
Frùnua insititia, October.
Cérasus àvium, July.
Fàdus, August,
virginiána, August
canadénsis, August.
lusitánioEi, September.
Laurocérasus, Septomber.
//édera //èlix, April.
Daphne Laurèola, June.
Mezlreon, June.
Fibùrnum Tinus, June.
Piullyrea angustifòlia, February.
Cuníporus commimis, October.
B o o k V .
Fyrus A 'ria, September,
intermèdia, October,
torminàlis, November,
pinnatiflda, October,
aucupária, August,
americàna, October,
hÿbrida, October.
Cratoe'gua Fyracántha, November.
Crùi gàlli, November.
Oxy.acàntlia, October.
Azarblus, October.
Arònia, November.
tanacetifòHa, November,
odoratissima, November.
5992. Rotting. The whole of these, when gathered, require to be taken to th e rotting-ground, mixed
with their bulk of dry sand or ashes, laid in beds of 10 in. in thickness, and then covered with 10 in.
of sand, light sandy earth, or ashes. Here some sorts, as the holly, will require to remain two years;
th e haw, mountain ash, and yew, one y ea r; «pd the other sorts, one winter, or till the following
i ’ebruary. During this time the beds of each kind should be uncovered, carefully turned over, and the
covering replaced. The advantage of rotting offtheir exterior covering in heaps,'rather than in the soil,
where they are to germinate, is the saving of ground; for though some of the holly and haw, for example.
will come up the next or the second season after sowing, yet, by keeping them one or »-wo years
in the rot-heap, we are sure all the seeds will germinate the same spring in which they are committed to
the soil. To the above general remarks, the gean, or wild cherry, forms an exception ; for, if sown immediately
after being gathered in July, it will come up th e following spring; but it will keep in the
rot-heap a year. When any of these seeds are to be sent to a distance, instead of being carried to the
rot-heap, they are spread thin in lofts, dried and packed in barrels: great care must be taken that they
are sufficiently dried, otherwise putrescent fermentation will commence, and the vegetative principle
will be destroyed ty the heat evolved.
5993. Sowing. I'h e season is generally February, and the manner by ¿erfdmg/n, as before. The haw,
the most important of this class, should be sown in the lightest and richest land in the nursery ; and if
not very rich, some dung may be added. Sow in beds 3 ft. 4 in., or 3 ft. 6 in. apart ; the seeds should
lie within J i n . of each other, and be rolled with a roller of 50 lbs. or 60 lbs. weight, and exactly
the breadth of the bed, previously to covering, which should be 1 in. deep. If the seeds are too moist
to admit of drawing a roller over them, beat in the seeds with the back of the spade. This operation
of rolling in seeds not only fixes them in their places, so as to admit of applying th e covering with
greater freedom, but, by consolidation, is calculated to retain moisture, exclude too much air, and
thereby promote germination. Holly and yew seeds should be sown on rich friable soil, shaded by a
wall, or by wattled hurdles, or other means, from th e mid-day sun. The distance is the same as for
haws ; they should be rolled, or beaten in, and covered not more than J in. If previously rotted for two
years, they will all come up the following May ; but if only one year in the rotting-bed, a p a rt will not
come up till the second year: in this case they should be sown thin, as th e growing plants will impede
the others in breaking through the soil. Mountain ash seeds require a fine and ra th e r rich soil; the
seeds should not lie nearer than 1 in., and the covering should be only J in. The gean should be
sown, as soon as gathered, in deep sandy loam, the pulp being previously bruised; it need not be very rich,
but must be dug deep before sowing : place th e seeds 1 in. apart, and cover f in. thick. Gean-stones,
which have been preserved in the rotting-ground for spring sowing, will not come up regularly the
summer following, but a part will lie till the second spring. The advantage of sowing as soon as
gathered, is therefore obvious. Great care should be taken not to sow the cherry for the gean, as the
former is not nearly so well calculated for a timber tree. The seeds of the common and Portugal
laurel, laurel-bay, mezereon, spurge-laurel, phillyrea, and the like, should be sown as soon as gathered,
in rich soft soil, on a dry bottom : the .seeds should be 1 in. apart, and be covered 1 in. During the
severest weather of winter, it will be advisable to protect them by hoops and mats. T h e seeds of the
service, buckthorn, bird-cherry, and other species of Cérasus, .ñhámnus, and Pÿrus, may be treated
like those of th e laurel, b u t will not a t all require so deep a covering, nor will any of them require protection
in winter.
5 994. Transplanting. Wha t has been advanced on transplanting plants from nuts, keys, &c., will
apply here. Most of these species, being smaller, will not require so great distances between the rows
and plants. All the deciduous sorts may be transplanted in February, or early in March ; and all the
evergreen species from the middle of April to th e middle of May, and during the month of August. The
greatest care will be requisite in taking up evergreens from the seed-bed, when they have been already
once moved, so as not to injure their fibres ; and on no account should more be taken up a t a time than
what can be planted the same day. Select for them the soils most suitable to their nature, as far as the
limits of the nursery will permit ; and, in general, rather prefer a shady situation, especially for the
holly, yew, and all the laurels. Hollies, having but few fibrous roots, should be frequently.transplanted ;
but this is not necessary with the yew, which has fibres in great quantity. In transplanting the deciduous
sorts, prefer narrow spaces between the lines, and wider intervals between the plants in each row,
to wide rows, and plants crowded in the row. One year’s seedling thorns, for instance, to be nursed
one year, may stand 9 in. or 10 in., by 2in. ; if for two years, 12 in. or 14 in., by 3 in. or 3Jin.
5995. For pruning, culture, and taking up fo r fin a l planting, see nut-bearing trees, &c. (5990.).
S e c t . IV. Trees and Shrubs bearing Berries and Capsules with small Seeds.
5996. The principal hardy berry and capsule bearing trees and shrubs which npen
their seeds in Britain, are the following ; —
Tilia ouropoe'a, and other species, Nov.
Fyrus commùnis, Octoher.
Afàlus, October.
JSerberis vulgàris, September.
DÚXUS semi>ervirens, September.
Cómus máscuia, October,
sanguínea, October.
/ambùcus nigra, September,
racemósa, September,
canadénsis, September.
Lonicera, various species, August.
i, various species, August.
Jastninum frùticans, October.
Digiistrum vulgàre, October.
Duônymus latifòlius, November
europoe'us, November.
Fibùrnum Lantàna, S
O'pulus, October.
5997. Gathering and keeping. As this class of seeds are only wanted in small imantities, the most
convenient way of preserving them is in the seed-loft or root-cellar in dry sand. They should be frequently
turned over to s ^ a r a te the seeds from the pulp and husks, and cleaned by sifting and winnowing
early in February. For sending to a distance, they are to be treated like berried stones ; or they
may be separated and cleaned previously to deportation.
5998. Sowing. All of them require a soft and ra the r moist soil, with th e exception of the box, which
should have a soil rather sandy and dry. They may be sown in February, in beds, and covered not
more than a quarter of an inch ; and wfien th e seeds first begin to vegetate, it will be an advantage to
shade them from the sun, by wattled hurdles ; place them across beds which lie north and south, and
along those lying in a direction east and west.
5999. Their transplanting and fu tu r e culture are th e same as for the foregoing division.
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