the narcissus are in bloom in the hothouses of the royal gardens throughout the
winter • and roses, honeysuckles, lilacs, azaleas, rhododendrons, pinks, tulips, aiul otlicr
shrubs and flowers, arc forced as successfully, and come as early into blooin,_as in J.on-
don. Chrysanthemums, in small pots, and only a few inches high, are cultivated, and
forced, so as to he in bloom all the year. „ , . .
379 .In Saxony the principal botanic garden is that of Dresden. I t is small, Imt is
rich ill exotics, and is carefully managed by Traugott Scidif Dr. G ta u « o says its
situation is one of tho prettiest in Europe, and that it contains nearly 10,000 species
of plants. He also mentions tho garden of Dr. Krcsig, in the ncighhom-hood of
Dresden, which he says contains a large collection of flowers, its possessor being very
much attached to botany and floriculture. _ • a/ a a ca ff
380 In Wirtemberg the only botanic garden of any importance is tliat at btutt-
card, which forms an episode to the garden of the new palace. It has been much
Altered and improved by the present director, M. Bosch. Tho herbaceous plants arc
arratmcd aller Linnæus ; aud the trees and shrubs, in ornamental groups and masses,
after the manner of Jussieu. There arc very few evergreens which stand the fticn air
in this part of Germany, notwithstanding the numerous vineyards that cover tlie^ lulls,
and the endless lines of fruit trees which enrich and adoni the pubhc roads. _ yuniperus
vh-ffiniàna and Sabina, 2’hùja occidcntàlis and oricntàlis, various species of pines and Ims,
the yew tree, the spurge laurel, the privet, tlic pyi-acantlu% and the horsetail, comprise
almost the whole of the evergreens of a Wirtemberg shrubbeiy. In the hothouse m
this garden wc saw, in 1828, Cai'ica monoica with a good many scai'lct Iruit, about tho
size of quctch plums ; plants of Testudinaria clcphaiitipcs, raiscd from seeds, ripened on
the spot ; Passiflòra racemósa, with ripe fruit, and some other flnc specimens. OrcJn-
dcous epiphytes seem to grow remarkably well in these hothouses. In tlie grcenlmuscs
we found a feiv heaths, a good many pelargoniums, and Primula præ'nitens, which was
introduced in 1824. In a largo orangery connected with the garden, wc found 17r)
large orange trees, with trunks twelve feet high, and largo round heads, covered with
fruit and flowers. The boxes in which they grew were four and a half feet every
way and most of the trees, wc were told, were between 400 and 500 years old. Their
trunks were generally about a foot in diameter ; but we measured one of them, and
found it about 18 inches. The common laurel is here gi'Own in tubs, like the orange
tree, and forms an object of great beauty. We found some of them with lai-gc round
heads, and stems twelve feet high ; and, if they had been stuck OA'cr with artificial
oranges, we should probably never have thought of doubting that they were trees of
the genus Citrus. A botanical travelling union, for the purpose of collecting specimens
of plants in different parts of Europe, and of distributing them cciually among the
different members of the society, has been established at Stuttgard. The members pay
a small annual subscription ( 15 florins), and with this sum the iiuion sends out travelling
collectors to every part of Europe, orpurcliascs specimens from travellers. (Gard. Mag.
vol. iii. p. 44.) , _ .
381. The botanic garden at Carlsruhe was founded in 1715, and contains several hothouses,
most on the old Dutch plan ; the greenhouses liaving steep glass fronts, and the
hothouses having bonnet-roofs. The bonnct-roofs are a great protection both from the
cold and from hail ; and they admit of having wooden shutters hinged at the upper
ends of the sashes, which can be let down during nights. The bonnet-roof also powerfully
reflects the sun’s rays down on the glass in winter and early spring, when they
impinge on it at nearly a right angle. In 1731, Professor Hchenstrcit of Leipzig, and
the Carlsrulie gardener, Thran, were sent to Africa for plants. Tliran returned successful
in 1733, and soon afterwards the first Carlsrulie Catalogue was printed. (Haller, Bibl.
Bot., tom. ii. p. 266.) I t contained about 2000 species, besides an immense collection
of florists’ bulbs of the finest varieties. From both about 200 drawings were made by
Trew, and described by Ehret. In 1763, Dr. Kolreutcr was appointed botanist to this
garden. In 1787, Schwcyckert, who had studied gardening in England, wras made
inspector; and through him the garden was so increased, that in 1795 the Hortus
Carlsruhanus oontaxvLQii 5000 species. In 1796, the Fi'cnch invasion of this part of
Germany caused the garden to be neglected ; and in 1806, when the garden inspector
Schweyckcrt died, the number of species had declined to 300, chiefly ligneous plants and
annuals. M. Hartweg, the late inspector, was then appointed to the situation, and
began by introducing, from Paris, a great many New Holland plants, then rare in Germany.
The number of hothouses was increased, and the hardy plants better arranged
in the Linnæan manner. In 1811, Gmelin published Hortus Magni Ducis Badensis et
Carlsruhanus, &c., which contained upwards of 6000 species. In this year the grand
duke died, and Agave liu'ida, which had flowered for the first time in Europe the yeai-he
assumed the government (65 years before), again flowered. Various iütcrations were
made ; liothouses were built ; an additional supply of water was obtained, and fountains
were added ; and in 1823 and 1824 the garden was ornamented with a great
many urns and statues. Hartweg published his Hortus Carlsruhanus ia 1825, enumerating
above 6000 species. He died in 1830. (Gard. Mag., vol. iii. p. 205.) We
visited this garden in November, 1828, and found it exceedingly well stocked and well
kept. Among the fine specimens which it contained were, Wistar/a Consequana,
covering tho end of a house, and ripening annually a great numher of seeds ; Andrómeda
arbòrea, twelve feet high, also ripening seeds ; Magnôh'a macrophylla, ten feet
high, flowering freely. In the stove, Chamæ'rops hùmilis, with finit, from wliich, as
at Berlin, young plants liad been raised ; Curtis/a /ag in e a , very large ; Passiflòra
walifórmis, ripening abundance of fi-uit eveiy y e a r; Vallisnèria spiralis; Phormium
tènax, which has ripened seed ; £ind Téconia radicans, wliich has attained a large size,
and is probably as hardy as the native shrubs ; Sophbra japónica, very large ; Pámarix
gàllica, twelve feet high ; and Salisbùria male and female. Phododéndron ponticum
is here protected during winter with fern ; while II. màximum requires no protection.
All the American plants in this garden, and also in the pleasure-ground, are grown in
rotten wood and leaves. There is a very large orangery, which was fonnerly a theatre.
The »Scarahæ'us uasicómis is hatched from eggs inserted in the bark beds, and the
perfect insect flies about in the open air ; and, while it excites attention by its singular
fbrm, does liann to nothing. But the gi-catcst curiosity in this garden is a weeping
willow, planted in 1787, which was nearly thrown down by a storm in 1816. One
branch was cut off, and an oaken prop was put under the other (fig. 120. a). The
willow sent down a root under tlic. decayed hark of this oak prop, which, in 1829, being
increased to about the thickness of a man’s arm (¿>), hurst from the bark ; and it is
supposed that, in a few years, it will render tlic oaken prop supciffinous. In a building
in tins garden is a very complete collection of seeds, of sections of wood, and an herbarium.
The different seeds arc enclosed in broad flat glass ¡iliials, named, and placed on
nai-row shelves, in the order of the Linnæan sy.stein. There is a separate set of specimens
of culinary seeds, named, and coj'crcd with a glass case ; and also a set of forest
tree seeds. The diflercnt sorts of kidncybeans arc placed on a board divided into small
squares, like a draught-board.
382. The botanic garden o f Heidelberg is small, having formerly been the burial-
ground of a convent ; this building being metamorphosed into a museum. The garden
is fully stocked with plants, arranged according to the system of Linnæus. There is a
greenhouse and a hothouse, with sioping glass roofs somewhat in the English manner.
These are covered at night, and during severe weather, by wooden shutters, hinged at
the top, and raised and lowered by cords and ¡lullcys communicating with weights in
the back sheds. In the greenhouse wc found Vallisnèria spiralis ; iu the open ground,
rhododendrons have survived three winters, witli only a slight covering at tlieir roots.
M 3