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PRACTICE OE GARDENING. P art TU*
2870. Espaliers, Abercrombie states, “ m ay b e inserted 3 f t from the edge of the
border • but if the ground under the walks has not been prepai-ed, 5 ft. will bo better.
Tfie stem or head of a wall tree or espalier must be planted with a little incliimtion to
the fence or trcUis; and naücd or tied, to prevent the wind frora_ shaking it. Espaliers
liave the branches trained to an upriglit superficial treUis, standing detached, and thus
bear on both sides. Occupying littlo room, they drip and shade less than standards.
Formerly espaliers were badly managed, and hence unproductive; they were allowed to
nm wUd in summer instead of having their exuberance tiraously checked by summer
p ru n in g : this operation, judiciously performed, will render thcir management easy and
^proper kinds o f fr u it fo r espaliers and dwarf standards, according to Mr.
Thompson, arc included in the following list, in which those r a a i- k c d with an asterisk ( )
are deemed the most valuable. F o r small gardens the apples ought to be grafted on
paradise, and the pears on quince stocks.
Apples.
K e n tis h codling, « R o v fil pearnuUn,
« R ib s to n p ip p in , « O slin , G olden reine tte ,
« R o y a l russet, « K in g o f th e pippjns,
« D u tc h m ig n onn e, « C o u rt o f W ic k ,
« C o urG iicn d u p la t, « W o rm s le y p ip p jn ,
B cacham w oll, « R e in e tte d u Canada, «A1-
fris to n , « B ra b a n t b ellcflcn r, «B ed ford -
s h iro fo u n d lin g , B le n h e im p ip p in , Scarlet
nonp aroihO lcl n o np a nn l.D um olow ’s seedlin
g , Pearson’ s plate, C la jy a to p earm ain,
Cockle p ip p in , M È rc de Menage.
Pears. \ Plums.
* Jan ro nc llc. C itro n des carmes, « B e u rré «G reen gage, O rleans, « R o y a l h â tire ,
do C ^ 'ia u m o n t, « M a rie I.ouisc, « B e u rré « W h ite m ag num b on um . B lu e per-
D ,Drticn ie ir,l,L i« uUi.B e c u rré Bosc, N ap oléon,ie »« G »' lingoii, i iuiixi: ‘
inorc oiui, « rEraes E a s te tueors r eB,B cu eiuMrriép.rré ,o « oBiie,B e u rwréile rré oudude
et im idmripgéorna.p é ra tric trPicuer,e,p Coc's Cleoc's goldei
golden d rop , K irk o s,
ran?., « F lem is h he au ty, Duchesse d’ A n -
g ouléine, « W in te r né lis, « K u ig h t’s m ona
rch , « T h om p so n ’s, « H a con s incom -
Other Sorts.
p a ra b le ,*S u ffo lk th o rii, « N o p lus m curls. Cherries.
« M a y d uko, « M o re llo , « K e n tis h ,
R o ya l duko, E lto n , K n ig h t’ s e a rly black,
La to duke.
T h e m u lb e rry , q uince, m ed lar, and service
are som etim es introd uce d as espalier
trees, o r d w a rf standards, especially where
th e re is no orchard.
087^ D w a rf standards are hy s o m e p r e f erred to espalier trees. Hitt and Switzer approve
of them and hforsyth and Marshall prefer them. Abercrombie approves ot dwarfs lu
common with espaliers, but seems, with M‘Phail, to prefer them planted by tlicmsclves
iu the compartments. TJiis we conceive to arise from the peculiar notions that many
irardcners have, that the kitchcn-garden ought to he a mere place of culture, without any
of that neatness, or those beauties, which would render it a scene fit to be included in
the course of walks for recreation. Where different ideas arc entertained, and that order,
reo-iilarity, and neatness arc attempted which ai’C to be found iu an eminent degree m
tho kitchcn-ffardcns of Scotland, espaliers and dwarfs will be valued as forming the
chief furniture of tlic borders. Abercrombie observes, “ dwarf standards arc raised
with low stems, of 1 ft., 2 ft., or 3 ft. in height, and ivith round heads proportiona,tcly
diminished. These ai’c the earliest hearers compared with other standards, and produce
lai-o-c fruit in great abundance for the size of the tree. In small gai-dens the sarne
benefits and conveniences ivhich recommended the half standai-ds arc [ittached to these in
^ 2873^*^V/ie^ori.s o f planU, as far as respects age, arc chosen on the same principle as in
choosino- wall trees ; but such as arc gi-aftcd on dwarfing stocks are generally prcfen-ed;
apples on pai-adisc, creeping apple, or doucin sto ck s; pears on quince stocks; and
ehci-rics on the perfumed chciTy or small wild cherry stocks.
2874 The distances a t which to plant espalier trees, according to Nicol, are, tor apples,
on crab stocks, 30 f t .; cherries, 20 f t . ; pears, on free (rapid-growing) stocks, 30 It. to
35 ft. ; and plums, 20 ft. to 24 ft. Pcai-s on quince stocks are planted irom 20 it. to
25 ft asunder. Dwarf standard apple trees, on paradise stocks, may be planted very
closciy, as they occupy but little room ; they do not require more than 10 it. or 15 it.
S e c t. IH . O f tall Standard Fruit Trees in a Kitchen-garden.
2875. Though tall standard Fruit Trees are more gcneraliy confined to orchards, yet
they were formerly common in the kitchen-garden, and arc stiU occasionally introduced
in the slip. They cannot, however, be recommended, on account of their dnp and shade,
which render it impossible to grow culinary vegetables under them to any degi'ce oi
perfection, either in size or flavom-; and also of the too orchard-lilco character which
thev in time give the garden : but even if these objections were got over, there is another
which iu om- opinion is insuperable ; which is, that, owing to the continual stuTing ofthe
ground to a considerable depth, they never can bear abundant crops.
2876. Practical opinions. Acoorcliiig to Marshall, “ the fewer standard trees la a
srardon the hotter, as they take up much room, and by their shade prcYCnt the proper
Irowth of the vegetables that are near them.” M‘Phail considers them as hurtful to
crops of vegetables. Abercrombie says, “ full standai-ds are only or chiefly adapted tor
orchardsand other grounds not occupied with esculents as_principal crops. I n th c
interior compartments, some full and half standards may be introduced ; being thinly
scattered towards the angles of the compartments, not to overspread the ground, nor
placed nearer together than 40 f t .: indeed, many designers of horticultural plantations
would restrict the full standards to the orchard and pleasure-ground, as plants cultivated
Rook III. FRUIT SHRUBS. 751
underneath them are apt to sufler from ilrnì? ” in>- n,,..,! r \ t? .i
their boiug mixed w i l l ! o t h e i A » / ' »
r ? t e ¿ h T ' T L f A ) in t h e o u t e r b S ? 'the
V. 752! L » i s ' P™“ “ ®®® Chap. I l l :
S e c t. IV. Fruit Shrubs.
r é t e r é ? “ “ — n f s K S ; r £ 3 ;
lows. Ih o u g h these shrubs are best by themselves, yet here and tlicrc hv the walk«?
a dct.achcd bunch may bo kept ; or here and there ono against a ivarm wail TuiTarfs’
L d l M S .‘'fl*®™®®-” i f “<l<i®. “ do well cspaliercd as to a production of !arly
hi to/Tr. • ^ “®''®®°“ “‘® o W f . “ gooscbenyaud currant bushes maybe planted
Lnni P d ? f ¡1' ™ Pi™‘“‘ion® / themselves : plant some near the out-
L s S f e / o t h e r s /•'■® “long the borders where there are no
OP? ? ¿ 1? ! 0™®® ''OW®. to divide large oomp.artmcnts. Easpbcmes may
occupy other borders and compartments.” (Pract. Oard., vol. v. p. 189 ) Forsyth
recommends planting gooseben-ies “ in a compartment by thomselvo.s, or round the cdL s
éot lhici ti»ces, »as it ?will m- jm -o 7the flavonr off Tth-o pfm»it.P” i““ Cnut rtrIaienmts’ nannd dgooosre"beirlri?esf ”
Nicol observes, are often planted in Hnes by the sides of the walks or aUcf s of tho ga!-
dcn ; but m that way, especially if not well managed, they are generally more cumber
some than useful. I t is a better method to plant them in compartments by themselves
and to make new plantations every sixth or seventh year, as young plants are found t!
pioducemore handsome frait, and also to hear more plentifully, than old ones TIio
1? ?h< iii?b "ire T of raspben-ics, which produco the finest fruit wlicn yonng ; that
S a S / o i ? of ? T * r ? managed. It is prop’er to
to L n t e 11 ■ “/ r e f e lts on a north border, or other shaded situation, in order
tLpuI 1! 1 T “ ™' cranberry was first introduced as a garden frait by Sir
of L i d f ll™ i" l>og earth, kept moist. The margins
f l L iw T-l? ‘■®®®;'™/S m the slip, ai-e good situations for this plant ; hut when tlie
, p p / ? p ’ other frait-bearing bog-earth plants arc iiitrodnccd, we would
? ? ? ? T l " ? ? o t e r compai-tment in a shady situation, fiirnisliod with bog-
? iiv ’ ? 7 1 '■ ? 1 “PPliodi either by the watering-pot, engine,
oi by means of underground channels. Our own opinion on the subject of planting
/ f o n i ? ’ i i l™ ‘htec and high-flavoured frait arc tho objects^
T Z I F i B "® " r“®Pherries, cranbemes, aud bilbciric.s
d sra / oompai-taicnts by themselves, in open airy situations, and at sucli
distances, plant from plant, that they may not touch each other when fuUy gi-own
/ r a *T f 1 '" P " ‘“ ®"‘® “ “7 he planted of double the distance at
which the shrubs are fl.uiUy to stand ; or, if the expense of the extra plants slioiill be an
objeck the space between may be cropped with vegetables ; never, however, planting
any tiling within the reach of the roots of the liushcs.
s o / r t f ' T ' ? r é the following list is given by Mr. Thomson,
those to be prefen-ed being marked with an asterisk (*) :__
Qooseherries, Red. . Sma ll sorts. — *R e< l. Cliam paffnc,
R aspberry, « R o u pIi rod. R od T u rk e y ,
jsamma. ll d a rk ro n p ii red, «S cotch best
Large seri,«, — « B o a rd n ia n ’s B ritis h
crow n, M c llitifr’ s crow n Bob, «K eene’ s
seedling. H a rts h o rn ’s Lanc ashire lad.
Red rose, « L c ig li’s rifle m a n , « F a rro w ’s
ro a rin g Hon, « R ed W a rrin g to n .
Goosehorries, White.
Sma ll sorts.— « W h ite crystal, « W h ite
lampagnv, -.naanj
son, « W h ite ho iio y , W h ite ilg .
Large sorts. — -«W oodward’s w h ite sm
ith , C rom p to n’ s Sheba queen {v e ry
h« kTea tyhleopr’rsc cberUiginligt ),V«eWnculsli,n g«tCo nle’sw golrotrhy’,s
w h ite lio n , «S aund ers’ s C hesinre la-ss,
eSatrgilneg. e r’s m a id o fth e m ill. C ook’s w iilte
Goosclcrries, YeUow.
Sma ll sorts. — « Y e llo w C ham
« E a rly s u lp h u r, « R u m b u llio n ,
b u rn y e llo w A ston.
iHep:
Large .sorts,— « D ix o n ’s golden y ello w ,
1 rop h et s re g u la to r, P rop h et’ s rockw ood.
Gooseherries, Green.
Sm a ll sorts « E a rly green h a iry ,
» H e p b u rn green p ro lific , « G le nto n
ggaregeen, ,G orro Yeoii r-kw asleneudt. ling ,« P itm aston g" ree n
L oiarrdff ^Cero.two r, tPs.a—rkLinosvoanr’ts’ slFa-ulirsebla, ,« ICloopllliceyr’’as
jo lly ang ler, B rig g s’ s iudcpondent. M as.
a——" ..o .c ... Lsaoyrg’so h sema roto othf goraeke,n «. E d w a rd s’s ioU y ta r
2879. The sorts o f plants are commonly such as have been grown two or throe vem-s
fiom the cu ttiiip , or, in tho ca.se of raspben-ies, suckers of the preceding year Older
? cnn-ant trees, wliere they can be procured, should beliiefciTed, t o ?
4 ’l ’’O"; ■mraedmtely, and when they gi-ow old, can readily be rc-
Easpben-ics, fi-om tlicir nature, can never have stems of more th.an a year in age
the T f A t d n c e , accordmg to Nicol, “ from 4 ft. to 6 ft. square, according to
lIa?nd 1 , 5C tftt . ; and in poor landZ, 4 ‘ ^f®t®.”™ ®<ta ®“ ffi®ient; that is, in go ood land,, 6 ft ;, in middlmg^
(25?4.'to M 30™ * o f P^“'‘ting should bo regulated on general principles
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