2028. T h e a n g u la r w a ll ( fig . 586.) is recommended on the same general principles of
shelter and economy as the preceding.
2029. Th e zig-zag w a ll ( fig . 587.) is an angular wall in which the angles are all right
angles, and the length of thcir external sides one brick or 9 in. This wall is built on a
solid foundation, 1 ft. 6 in. high, and 14 in. wide. It is then commenced in zig-zag,
and may be carried up to the height of 15 or 16 feet of one brick in thickness, and
additional height may be given by adding 3 or 4 feet of brick on edge. The limits to
the height of this wall are exactly those of a solid wall 14 in. thick; that being the
width of the space traversed by the angles or zig-zag.
2030. T he square f r e t w a ll ( fig . 588.) is a four-inch wall like the former, and tho
ta r é :/ í i
F ai'''
588
ground-plan is fonned by joining a series of lialf-squarcs, the sides of which arc each of
the proper length for training one tree during two or three years.
2031. T h e nurserym an’s, o r self-supported fo u r-in c h w a ll (fig . 589.), is fonned in lengths
of from 5 to 8 feet, and of one brick in breadth, in alteraate planes, so that the points
of junction form in effect piers 9 in. by 4^ in.
589
2032. T h e p ie re d w a ll ( fig . 590.) may be of any thickness, with piers generally of double
that thickness, placed at regular distances, and seldom exceeding the wall in height, unless
for ornament. These piers ai-e generally made square in the plan ; but they have been
found to be less obstructive to the training of trees, when rounded at the angles (a ) ; or
angular (li), and cither hollow, or effected by deviation (c ). The same remark will apply
to piers formed partly to support the wall, but principally, as in the gardens laid out by
London and Wise, Bridgman, &c. for sheltering the fruit trees. Where training is not a
leading opject, a thin deep projeetion (d) is much stronger as a whole, than the clumsy
square piers generally formed by routine practitioners.
2033. Sheltering p ie rs were formerly, in some cases, ma.de of such a width and depth
as to contain a niche for training a vine, and, in that case, they were frequently raised
above the coping of tho wall. Examples of such piers exist m the walls of the kdclien-
garden at Claremont, built from the designs of Brown, and at Hatton, m Scotland, built
after a design by London and Wise. . , „
2034. A rched , niched, o r recessed w alls ( fig . 5 9 1 .) were contrived for the same piunose
bv Switzer, and, at least, had a massive imposing effect to the eye. Such walls were
generally heated by flues, and fonncd in fact the intermediate link m the progi'css ot
improvement between hot walls and forcing-houses. .„ft
2035. TreUised w a lls are sometimes formed when the material of the wall is soil, as m
mud walls ; rough, as in rublilc-stone walls ; or when it is desired not to injure the face
of neatly flnisliod brickwork. AVooden trellises have been adopted m several places,
espeoially wh en th e walls ai-e flued ; and wire has also been used.
2 0 3 6 E s p a lie r ra ils are snbstitntes for walls, and which they so far resemble that frees
arc regularly spread and trained along them, arc fully exposed to the light, and, having
their Liiehes flxed, are less liable to be injured by high winds. They are formed of
wood cast iron, or wire and wood. , , i
2037 T h e wooden espalier, of the simplest kind, is merely a straight row of stakes
driven in the ground at 6 or 8 inches asunder, and 4 or 5 feet Ingh, and joined and
kept in a line at top by a rail of wood, or non hoop, through which one nad is driven mto
A w f wooden espalier ra ü is composed of frames fitted with vertical bars
at 6 or 8 inches asunder, which are nailed on in preference to mortising, in ordei to
prcsci-vo entire the strength of tho upper and lower rails. n
2039. T he cast-iron espalier r a il ( fig . 692.) resembles a common street lailmg, but it
is made lighter. Tho columns or
styles may either be fixed in oak or
stone (a a ) ; or, when this mode is
not adopted, thefr base may bo formed
in the shape of a reversed x, settmg
them on a foundation of four-inch
brickwork.
2040. D oub le espalier rad s, of various
kinds, havo been adopted, and
found economical, from thcir giving
a double surface for branches. They
arc generally from 18 inches to
2 or 3 feet ivide, on tho ground-
line, 4 or 5 foct high, and meeting
in a point at top, so that the section
of ono of these espalier rails is that
of an acute-angled triangle.
w a ? h ? h L f r f e ? 7 T L S ? ? f heafl maybe reckoned essential to eveiy kitchen-
garden ; and in many cases the mode of buüding them hoUow may bo advantageously
adopted.
Sect. h i. Pe rm an e nt H o rtic u ltu ra l S tructures.
2042 B u ild in g s w ith glass roofs, or artiflcial habitations for plants, constitute by far
the most important part of garden structures, whether we regard the expense of then- flist
McSot SriiTrequirei “ manage them, or the interesting natnre of their products
0043 Greenhouses appear to have been fir s t erected m the seventeenth c e n tu ry; and tho
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