T
l ì
!' 1*
Fig. 85.
Cladonia pyxidata Fr.—a. Vertical section of
an apotheciiun, x30. b. Theca and paraphysis,
X350. c. Spores, x500. d. Vertical
section of a spermogonium, x30. e. Sterigmata,
and f, spermatia, X 500.
32. CLADONIA Hill.
Hist. PL (1751) p. 91
pro parte ; Hoffm. D. Fl.
ii. (1795) p. 1 1 4 ; Nyl.
Not. Sallsk. pro F . c t Fl.
F e n n .F o rh . n .s. v.(18GC)
p. 110. — T hallus laci-
iiiato-foliaooous or squa-
moso-foliolose at the base ;
podetia branched or soy-
phiferous, more or less
pulveraceous or squa-
mosc, entire or with tho
a.xils and soyplii porf'o-
rate. Apothecia to rm inal,
a t first somewhat
plane and margined, but
immediately becoming
convex and iinm a rg in a te :
spores 8na3, oblong, simple, colourless. Spermogones usually situated
on the apices of th e podetia, c o n ic a l; spermatia equally cylindrical,
somewhat curved or straight.
The species of this genus are for the most part very variable. They
are consequently so connected by intermediate states aud forms (the
result to a certain extent, perhaps, of hybridism) that it is sometimes
difficult to separate them. Uufortunately, also, the chemical thalline
reactions, apart from the characters of the basal thallus and the podetia,
are not of decided value here *.
Sometimes there is seen a thin extended hypothalline-filamentose
patch, in which originate the basal squamules. The tballus is loosely
affixed by these filaments to the substratum, and in some instances, where
they decay, it becomes free. The spores and the spermatia of the different
species do not \-ary much iu size, the former being 0,008-0,015 mm.
long, 0,()03-0,004 mm. thiok, and the latter 0,008-0,012 mm. loug, scarcely
0,001 mm. thick. The genus may, for com-enience, be divided into the
following sections from the colour of the apothecia. Some plants of this
aud the following genus, when growing in dry exposed places, become
more or less cervine or brownish, whence vars. spaeUcea, fusceseens, &c.,
of authors.
Our islands are peculiarly rich in Cladonias; further research will no
doubt bring additions to light, as well as extend the distribution of some
already detected.
* Nylander says:—“ The genus Cladonia is not well adapted to show the
excellence of reactions, on account of the tinctorial particles being often but
sparingly present, by reason of the tenuity commonly of the cortex.”—‘ Flora,’
1886, p. 1 0 1 .
A. PHÆ0CA11PHÎ.—Apothecia brown or pale.
a. Macroj>hyIlince.—Thallus foliaceo-laciniose ; podetia usually
little developed.
1. C. endiviæfolia F r. Lich. E u r. (1831) p. 212.— Thallus large
and rigid a t th e b a se ; laciniæ multifid, long, flexuose, generally
crenulate at th e rounded apices, yellowish or glaucous-green, beneath
pale straw-coloured or whitish ; podetia small, cylindrioal, simple,
rarely irrogularly soyphiferous, arising from th e upper surface ot
the laciniæ (Kf-|-yellowish, K(CaCl)-f deeper yellow). Apotbecia
more or less confluent, pale or brown ; spores oblong, 0,011-13 mm.
long, 0,0035-0,004 mm. thiok.—Aludd, Alan. p. 52; Brit. Clad,
p. 2 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18 ; Leight. Lioh. Fl. p. 55, ed. 3, p. 53.
— Scyphophonis endivifoUus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 242 ; Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 418. Cenomyce endivifoUa Hook. Fl. Soot. ii. p. 62.
Liohen endivifoUu-s Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. (1793) p. 17 ; With. Arr.
iv. p. 60 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2361.—B r it. E.vs. : Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24.
The basal thallus is larger than in the other species, the laciniæ being
often 1-2 inches long and J inch broad. The yellowish-green colour of
the upper and the paler yellow of the under surface, turned up in dry
weather, render this a beautiful plant. I t varies in size, and the smaller
and more divided states are with difficulty distinguished from other
species. The apothecia are extremely rare aud little developed in this
country.
Hab. On dry sandy (usually calcareous) soil among mosses and short
grasses, chiefly iu maritime districts.—Histr. Local and scarce, iu a few
lo alities in E. and S. England.—B. M. : Ilemsby, near Yarmouth, Suffolk;
Banstead Downs, Surrey; Newhaven, Sussex (fruit).
2. C. alcicornis Eloerko, Clad. (1828) p. 23.—Thallus somewhat
large and rigid a t th e base ; laciniæ multifid, often almost palmately
divided, more or less blackish-fibrillose a t th e margins, glaucous-
green or yellowish, beneath whitish straw-coloured or nearly white ;
podetia arising from the upper surface of the laciniæ, small or
moderate, usually narrowly soyphiferous, soyphi cristate a t tho
margins (K—, K(CaCl)-|-deep yellow). Apotheoia often confluent,
brown ; spores as in the preceding species.—Cromb. Lich. Brit,
p. 18 ; Leight. Lioh. El. p. 59, ed. 3, p. 56.— Cladonia e.ndivioefoUa
ft. alcicornis Aludd, Alan. p. 52 ; Brit. Clad. p. 3. Scyplwpliorus
alcicornis Sm. Eng. El. v. p. 242 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 418. Geno-
myce alcicornis Hook. Fl. Soot. ii. p. 62. Lichen alcicornis Lightf.
El. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 872 pro p a rte ; Eng. Bot. t. 1392. Lichen
foliaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 457 pro p a rte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 35.. Coralloides seyphiforme, fo liis alcicorniformibus cartilagi-
nosis Dill. AIuso. 87, t. 14. f. 12 a . Lichenoides cartilaginosum,
tiibulis et p>yxidulis exiguis Dill, in Hay, Syn. od. 3, 70. 38. — Bi'it.
Exs. : Leight. n. 15 ; Aludd, Clad. n. 1 ; Larb. Cæsar. n. 56.
In its typical condition this may be distiuguislied from tbe preceding
by tho more divided, narrower, and congested tliallus, xvbicli is sometimes
pale rose-coloured beneath, aud by the blackish fibrillose margins of the