'H'
Scries lA’. Phyllodei Nyl. Alem. Soo. Cherb. ii. (1854)
p. 1 2 ; Syn. i. p. 315.
Thallus foliaceous, depressed, lobed or variously laciniato or stellate,
rarely fruticulosoly cæspitoso, corticate ou both sides, or sometimes
only on tho upper surface ; beneath diseolorous, very raroly
subooncolorous, affixed to the su bstratum by rhizinæ, in ternally
woolly, very rarely solid. Aqiotbocia e ith e r qieltiforra or lecanorine,
or lecideine aud gyroso : spores usually 8næ, ellipsoid or fusiform,
simple or variously divided ; paraphyses e ith e r discrete or conglutin
a te. Spermogones innate, w ith jo in ted ste rigm a ta ; spermatia
acioular or cylindrical, straight.
A well-marked Series comprising tlie best developed of all lichens,
many of which from tbeir large size are conspicuous objects in their
various habitats. Though the tribes are as to tliallus and fructitication
rather diverse, yet there are mutual links by which in both of these
respects tlicv are closely connected. The foliaceous and usually horizontal
appressed thallus at once distinguishes it from the preceding and tlie
following Series.
Tribe X I I I . P A EMELI E I Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 445
{cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 77).
Thallus horizontally expanded, or oocasionally erect or ascending,
laciniate or laciniato-lobed, beneath diseolorous ; gonidial layer consisting
of tru e gonidia. Apothecia parmeleine, sessile or subpedicellate
: sporos usually 8næ, ellipsoid or rarely oblong, simple,
colourless; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones in n a te ; sterigmata
pauoi-articulate ; spermatia acioular, fusiformi-incrassate a t
eith e r apex, or very rarely cylindrical, long and arcuate.
According to Nylander’s recent arrangement, this tribe includes four
genera, of which Èrerniopsis occurs only in subtropical America. Most of
the European species of the other genera are met with in Great Britain.
41. EVERNIA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 84 ; Nyl. Syn. i. (1860)
p. 283, Flora, 1869, p. 445.—Thallus erect or ascending, or prostra
te or pendulous, applanato or somewhat rounded, laciniately
divided or very much branched, opaque or suhopaque, somewhat
soft or flaccid, rhizinæ noue or very few ; medullary laj er without
any cavities, arachnoid or p a rtly ohondroid, cortical layer th in ,
formed of obliterated cells. Apotheoia lateral, with entire thalline
margin ; hypothecium colourless, theoæ small, clavate ; spores 8næ,
small, simple, colourless ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.
Spermogones immersed or somewhat superficial ; spermatia acioular,
straight, somewhat acute a t th e apices, and towards either apex
very th in ly fusiformi-inorassulate.
Nylander with most authors placed Evernia near Alectoiia, on account
of the tvpically fruticulose thallus, hut he now more correctly refers it
to the Funneliei. The structure ot the apothecia, the presence of rliiziiiæ
sparingly in one of the species, and other characters ally it to Parmelia,
li'Oiii which, as Nylander observes (Flora I. c.), it scarcely differ.s gene-
rically. Indeed iii Parmelia we have sometimes the same fruticulose
habit, as in P. Kamtschadalis ; while in the section of P. physodes (and
the species of Evernia approach very near to P. vittata) the thallus is
similarly glabrous beneath.
I . E. p r u n a s tr i Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 442 —Thallus a t first
ascending, then more or less pendulous, sublacunoso-riigose, laciniate,
greeuis.h-Avhito above, beneatb white, subcanaliculate ; laciniæ muoh
aud dicbotomouslj’ divided, liiieari-attenuate, usuallj' involute and
frequently sorediiferous a t tb e margins (K+ftilow^ CaCl_). Apotheoia
subpedicellate, moderate, obicfly lateral, reddish-brown, tho
margin inttexed ; sjiores 0,007—10 mm. long, 0 ,0 0 4 5 -0 0 mm. thiok.
— Gray, N at. Arr. i. p. 425 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61 ; 8m. Eng. Fl.
V . p. 224 : Tayl. in Alack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84 ; Aludd, Alan. p. 72 ;
Cromb. Liob. Brit. p. 2 4 ; Leight. Lioh. Fl. p. 90, ed. 3, p. 82.—
Lich en p ru n a strihmn . Sp. I ’l. (1753) j). 1147; Huds. 11. Augl. qr. 452 ;
I.ightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 835 ; AVitb. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 52 ; Eng. Bot.
t. 859. Lichenoides cornutum hronchiiile molle, suhtus incanum Hill.
AIuso. 160, t. 21. f. 55 a. Lichenoides arboreum ramosum majus
et mollius, colore candicante Dill, in Ray, Syn. p. 75, u. 80. Brit.
E x s .: Leight. n. 3 6 ; Aludd, n. 4 1 ; Larb. Cæsar. n. 5 9 ; Lich. Hb.
n. 246 ; Bobl. n. 64.
Varies considerably according to age and habitat, birt always easily
recoonized. The thallus in old qilants is covered with white confluent
soredia on the margins, which are sometimes also sparingly scattered
OA’er the surface of the laciniæ (form sorediuta Ach.). The apothecia are
rare in this country, and the spermogones are also seldom seen. 'They
are externally black, colourless within, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long,
about 0,003 mm. thick.
Jlab On the trunks and branches of trees, chiefly firs, and on hedge
bushes, in wooded upland tracts.—Disir. General and usually plentiful
in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland ; rarer in the Channel Islands ;
abundant in old fir woods in the Grampians, Scotland, where also it is
frequently fertile.—B. M. : Islands of Jersey and Guernsey. Itpping
Forest and near Walthamstow, Essex; Shiere, Surrey; Lydd, Ken t;
St Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, near Bov ey
Tracey S Devon; near Penzance and AVithiel, Cornwall; Cirencester,
Gloucestershire; Aladinglev, Cambridgeshire ; near Alilton, Oxfordshire ;
Twycross, Leicestershire ; near Bank House, Derbyshire ; Alalvern, Worcestershire;
Oswestrj’, and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan,
Alerionethshire; Island of Anglesea; near Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Gibside AVoods, Durham ; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Hall M il,
Cumherland. New Gallowav, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Currie, near Edinburgh
; Falls of Clyde, Lanrirk ; near G la sgw ; Appin, W p le sln re ;
Killin, Aberfeldy, and Blaeberry hill, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire
; Countesswells Woods, near Aberdeen, and Ballochbuie Forest,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothienmrchus AVoods, Inverness-shire; Cawdor
woods, Nairnshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ;
uear Cork ; Killarney, co, Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway.