' f .
■ p X. microscopwum ihey are unequal. In the few authentic specimens
seen, the apothecia are sparingly present ; and the other specimens,
reierable to this or another species, are sterile.
J2nh. On cretaceous and calcareous pebbles in moist maritime and
upland districts.—Dm/)'. Very sparingly in S. and S.AV. Euglancl.-B.M. :
Bo.x IIill and .PSbiere, Surrey; Pnear Brighton, Sussex; Anstey’s Cove,
lorquaj', S. Devon. ’ ’ j >
Family I I I . LICHENACEI Nyl. lAIcm. Soc. Cherb. ii.
(1854) p. 10 ; Syn. i. p. 141.
Thallus polymorphous, filamentose, foliaoootis, squamose, orus-
taoeous, pulverulent, or obsolete, or none, varyihg from membranaceous
to coriaeeons and from filmy to tartareous, extremely
variable m colour, white, greyish, yellowish, reddish, brown,
blackish, b u t little or non-gelatinous ; gonidial layer usuallv
distinct,^ formed of tru e gonidia or ra re ly of gonimic granules.
Apothecia either stip ita te or sessile, leoanorine, patellate, lecideine
or pjwcnotd, very variable in^ colour, b u t ra re ly concolorous with
tlie tliallus. _ Spermogones either immersed or prominent, with
simple or articulate sterigmata and various spermatia.
The plants belonging to tins, by far the largest family of Lichens are
t I Z a Z “ ; i-espect both to the thallus and t i f r u c S i Z
A T .preredmg families in being only very occasionally
gelatinous, and especially lu having, except in a comparatively few
instances a distinct slratum of bright green, rarely orLge, goffidia.
I h e apothecia in most cases have the thalamium furnished with paraphyses,
which are generally distinct. In the lower genera some niants
approximate to the Ascomycetous Fungi. ^
Series I. Epiconiodei Nyl. Syn. i. (I8 6 0 ) p. 141.
Thallus c ith e r ( 1 ) horizontally expanded and crustaeeons, sometimes
none proper, with the apotheoia usually stipitate, oapituliform
oocasionHl}' sessile, or (2) frntionloso-erect, with the apothecia
in term in al capitula of th e thallus, nuclear, a t length widely
open : spores naked, usually collected into a pulverulent mass on
th e surface of the mature fructification.
Though in other respects varying considerably, the two tribes which
constitute this series agree in having the spores, e.xcept in a few species
accumulated as a conglutmate powder or sporal mass (mazædium’
Ach.) on the surface of the mature fruit. I t is only in the young
apothecia that the spores are seen in thecæ ; when more advanced th e f
occur only free in the mazædium. auvanceu, mey
Tribe I . C A L I C I E I Nyl. Syn. i. (I8 6 0 ) p. 141.
Thallus horizontal, crustaceous, granulose, or obsolete, or none
proper. Apotheoia stipitate, capituliform, or sessile; spores 8næ
in evanosoout thecæ, spherical or oblong, simple or variously septate!
brownish or blackish, paraphyses usually littlo developed ; hymenial
gelatine scanty. Spermigoues punotiform, black, th e sterigm ata
somewhat simple.
This tribe consists of rather small plants, some of which are parasitic
and readily overlooked, while others are conspicuous from their brig’itly
coloured thalli. The apitheeia somstiines have the stipes abiioraially
bi'iiiichod, and occasionally the c.ipituliim is proliferous,
23. SPHINCTRINA F r. PL Horn. (1825) p. 120 (iit genus Ftm-
goram); De Not. Giorn. Bot. It.
1846, p. 314.—Thallus none
proper. Apotbecia parasitic,
chiefly on the thaUi of Periusa-
»•¿oe, globoso-turbinate, sessile or
substipitate, somewhat shining,
black, proper margin thick,
connivent; theoæ subpersistent,
sporalmass black; spores simple
(very rarely 1 -septate), blackish
; hymenial gelatine usually
more or less tinged w ith iodine.
Spermogones with acioular arcuate
spermatia.
The few species belonging to
this genus are distinguished by
the apothecia being parasitic, Sphmcirlna tiirbmaUi.Fr.-a. Agotheeium
sessile or subsessile, and shining, (m dry state), x 30. b. Longitudinal
At first sight they look like section ot two apotbecia X 30 c. Theca
minute /imm; but their ana- and paraphyses, X 3o0. A Spores,
4. • 1 4. 7 „ X500. e. Section of sporinogoniura,
tomical structure places them sterigmata a td spSnnatia,
among the lichens. xoOO.
1. S. turhinata F r. Sum. Veg. (1816) p. 366.—-Thallus none.
Apotheoia small, globose or globoso-turbinate, shortly stipitate, or
often almost sessile, the sporal mass usually protruded ; spores
simple, globose or subglohose, small, 0 ,0 0 3 -8 mm. in diameter ;
hymenial gelatine pale bluish, th en sordid dark-coloured with
iodine.—Nyl. Syu. i. p. 142, t. v. f. 1 ; Mudd, Man. p. 255, t. iv,
f. 102 ; Cromb. Lioh. Brit. p. I I ; Leight. Lioh. F l. p. 38, cd. 3,
p. 38.— Galicium turhiiiatum Pers. Fung. Suppl. (1797) p. 59.
Calicium sessile Turn. & Borr. Lieh. Br. p. 128 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2520 ;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 138. Acolium stigonellum Gray, Nat. Arr. i.
p. 482. Lichen gelasinatus AVith. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 8, t. 3 1 .—Brit.
E.vs. : Leight. n, 132 ; Mudd, n. 241.
This is readily recognized upon the host by the numerous, sometimes
crowded apothecia, which vary somewhat in size. The spermogones,
scattered among.st the apothecia, are not unfrequeut, with spermatia
0,012-15 mm, long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the thallus of Pertusaria communis, and sometimes of P.
fallax, on the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in maritime and upland
a 2