As limited, this is <a very natural tribe, readily known by the form of
the thaUus and the character of the variously coloured, but never normally
black, apotliecia. The five genera of which it is composed, as constituted
by Nylander (two ot which, viz. Ileterodea and Cladia, are exotic), wliile
closely related to each other, are separated by the basal thallus and the
podetia. The species are for the most part very social in habit.
31. PYCNOTHELIA
D u f Bory Ann. Sc. Piiys.
(1821) viii. p. 45 ; Ach.
Lich. (1810) p. 571 (u t
soctio Oenomyces). —
Thallus crustaceous a t
the base, persistent ;
])odetia papiUæform,
simple or branched, corticate,
glabrous. Apotheoia
small, terminal on
the podetia ; sporos 8næ,
oblong, simple, colourless
; theoæ, espooiall}'
the apices, bluish with
iodine. Spermogones
normally terminal on th e
podetia, conical ; spermatia
cylindrioal, and
somewhat acute a t either
apex, or slightly arcuate.
Fig. 34.
Pycnothelia papiUaria Duf.—a. Sections of
apotbecia, x30. Ò. A theca and paraphysis,
X350. c. Spores, x500. d. Section of a
spermogone, x30. e. Sterigmata and spermatia,
X500.
Thougb usuaUy regarded as a section, or at most a subgenus of Cladonia,
tills seems a distinct genus characterized by the crustaceous thallus
and papillate podetia. The texture of the thaUus is entirely that of
Cladonia (vide Nyl. Syn. i. pp. 188,189).
1. P. p a p illa r ia Duf. Bory Atm. So. Phys. (1821) viii. p. 46.—
Thallus granulose a t th e base, forming a more or less effuse crust,
whitish or pale yellow-greyish ; podetia short, clavato-oylindrioal or
cylindrioal, very fragile, egranulose, simple or subsimple, white or
glaucous (K-|-yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia a t first somewhat p lane
and marginal, a t length convex, solitary or aggregate, brown or
reddish-brown ; spores 0 ,0 0 9 -0 ,0 1 4 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. th ick .—
Sm. Eng. Fl. V. p. 241 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 424 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit,
p. 18 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 5 2 .— Cladonia papiUaria
Aludd, Alan. p. 52 ; Brit. Clad. p. 34. Oenomyce papiUaria Tayl. in
Alack, F l. Hib. ii. p. 82. Lichen papillaria Eh rh . P h y t. (1780)
I t. 100 ; Dicks. Crj'pt. fasc. i. p. 13 ; AVith. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45 ;
Eng. Bot. t. 907. Goralloides minimum fra g ile , Madreporoe instar
nascens Dill. AIusc. 107, t. 16. f. 28 .—B r it. Exs. : Leight. n. 208 ;
Aludd, n. 22, Clad. n. 8 0 ; Cromb. n. 121.
The thaUus in more barren habitats is somewhat determinate, aud
the podetia are often subverrucæform, usuaUy somewhat scattered, though
occasionally numerous and crowded. The apothecia in this country arc
extremely rare, at least iu a rightly developed cor.ditiou. The spermogones,
however, are frequent, with spermatia 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0005
mm. thick.
Ilab. On the ground in dry exposed places of upland and subalpine
moorland districts.—Distr. General, but nowhere common, in the billy
aud mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. AI. : Alouse-
bold Heath, Norwich, Norfolk ; Bournemouth, H an ts; Dartmoor, Devonshire
; St. Breock, Cornwall; Llandrindod Hill, Haduorshire; Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire
; Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben I;awers and Kannoch, Perthshire;
Bennaboord, Alorrone (frt.), and above Locb Callater, Braemar, Aber-
deensliire ; Ben Nevis, Inveriiess-sliire ; Applecross, Eoss-shire; uear
Lairg, Sutherlandsliire. Doneraile Alts., co. Co rk ; Kilkee, co. Clare;
Killarney, co. Kerry.
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Form molariformis, Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Podetia longer,
thicker, divided towards th e apices, the branches short, subqiaqhllate,
subfastigiate.—Yar. molariformis Nyl. in Cromh. Lich. Brit. (1870)
p. 18.— Cladonia molariformis Hoffm. Deutsoh. Fl. (1795) p. 117.
A luxuriant and robust form, with the podetia crowded and branched,
and the basal crust but little visible, Nylander observes (Lich. Scand.
p. 50) th at it occurs more frequently in Central than in Northern Europe;
and this corresponds with its distribution in Great Britain. AYitb us the
apothecia do not occur, and the spermogones are less frequent than in
the type.
Hab. On the ground among rocks in upland situations.—Distr. Very
local, though common where it occurs, in S. England.—B. AI. : Ardingly
Ilocks, Sussex.
2. P. ap o d a Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 211 (note), 1878, p. 241.—
Thallus thill, th inly g ranuloso-crustaceous,white or W'hitish ; podetia
small, erect, ellipsoideo-vesiculose or subgranuliform (K + y e llow ,
CaCl—). Apothecia sessile, small, often aggregate, plane, immarginate
or somowhat convex, rusty-red or rod-ochraceous ; spores
fusiformi-ohlong, 0 ,0 0 7 -0 ,0 1 0 mm. long, 0,004 mm. th ic k ; epithe-
cium reddish-brown.— Cromh. Grevillea, vii. p. 9 7 ; Leight. Lich,
El. ed. 3, p. 544.
From the preceding well distinguished by the apothecia being sessile
on the basal thallus. The podetia, which are few, are seen only in an
abortive condition. A singular character of the plant is th at the spermogones
usually occur inclosed in the hymenium, without any distinct conceptacle.
The spermatia are slightly arcuate, 0,008-0,012 mm. long,
0,0005 mm. thick.
Hah. On the ground in a maritime district.—Distr. Arery local and rare,
in N.AV. Ireland (near Kylemore, co. Galway).