case retain the name, as it is employed in the Hortus Kewensis, where the
two species are first distinguished, anterior to Michaux.
30. A . asperulus : somewhat scabrous-pubescent; stem simple, racemose-
paniculate at the summit; leaves sparingly and slightly serrate; the radical
oblong-ovate, obtuse, mostly subcordate, on slender naked or margined petioles
; the eauline oblong or spatulate, narrowed at the base, or the lowest on
winged petioles, not dilated at the insertion, those of the branchlets minute,
scattered; heads (small) loosely paniculate; scales of the somewhat hemispherical
involucre oblong, acute, closely imbricated, shorter than the disk ;
achenia very minutely pubescent.
New Orleans, Drummond ! Georgia, Baldwin !—Plant 1-2 feet high, pale
with a close somewhat scabrous pubescence. Radical and lowest eauline
leaves obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, on slender petioles; the others
sessile, 1 to 3 inches long, mostly acute, somewhat serrate towards the apex,
more or less scabrous above and pubescent beneath, tapering below, but not
dilated at the base. Heads nearly as large as in A. undulatus; the scales of
the involucre fewer, slightly pubescent, appressed, with rhomboid green tips.
Rays blue or purple ?
+ t Lower leaves conspicuously serrate: heads usually small, racemose or somewhat
thyrsoid: rays commonly pale blue.
31. A . cordifolius (Linn.): stem often flexuous below, racemose-paniculate
at the summit; leaves glabrous, or often hairy beneath and slightly
scabrous above; the radical and lower eauline cordate, acuminate, sharply
serrate, on slender naked or margined and ciliate petioles ; the uppermost
ovate or lanceolate, sessile or with short margined petioles, often entire;
heads numerous or somewhat crowded in oblong spreading or divaricate
thyrsoid racemes or panicles; scales of the closely imbricated involucre
oblong-linear, obtuse or rather acute, appressed, with short green tips;
achenia glabrous.—Linn. spec. 2. p. 875 (<y hort. Cliff.); Ait. Kew. (ed. 1 ) 3.
p. 207; Michx.! Jl. 2. p. 114; Pursh! Jl. 2. p._ 552; Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 156';
E ll.! sic. 2. p. 364; Lin d l.! hot. reg. 1.1597; Bigel.! Jl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 313 ;
Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. p . 463. A. paniculatus, Ait. Kew. 1. c.; Pursh, l. c. A.
heterophyllus, Willd. enum. 2. p . 882. A. cordifolius, heterophyilus, & paniculatus
(chiefly), Nees, Asl. p . 52 55; L in d l.! in herb. DC., herb. Hook.,
Sfherb. Torr.; DC.! prodr. 5. p. 233. A. pubescens, Hornem. hort. Hafn.
suppl. 1 . p. 98, fide Nees. A. latifolius autumnalis, Comut. Canad. p. 64,
t. 65. (Varies, with the stem glabrous, or pubescent in lines above, or
roughish-hairy ; the leaves broadly or narrowly ovate, either glabrous
throughout, somewhat scabrous above, or hairy beneath; the branches of
the panicle loosely or densely flowered.)
Woodlands, Canada ! Northern and Western States! to the mountains of
Georgia. Sept.-Nov.—Stem 1-4 feet high. Leaves membranaceous, or
rather firm when growing in open situations, loosely veined, coarsely and
sharply serrate, the radical and lower ones on slender narrowly margined
ciliate petioles, 2-4 inches long; those of the branches small and frequently
entire, reduced on the ultimate branchlets or peduncles to subulate bracts.
Heads small, usually crowded in thyrsoid racemes on the rather short spreading
or divaricate branches; the distinct peduncles also spreading. Scales of
the involucre whitish, with green rather obtuse tips, often purple at the apex,
minutely ciliate. Rays about 12, pale violet (or nearly white in shade)
turning deeper ; the disk changing to reddish-purple. The very numerous
heads are smaller than in any of the preceding; the appressed involucre
as in A. Shortii (except that it is much smaller), and the pale scales are
tipped with short green points. We meet, however, with occasional specimens
from the Western States, which, in their rather looser involucral scales
with somewhat longer and more acute green tips, make a near approach to
A. sagittifolius ft.; and we have observed the ordinary form of the species to
assume a similar state, when cultivated for a few years in fertile soil and
more open situations. Perhaps the A. paniculatus, Ait. was founded upon
a plant of this kind. The A. cordifolius of the Northern and Middle States
is a very uniform and well-marked species.
32. A. sagittifolius (Willd.): stem strict, glabrous, racemose-compound
above; the branches ascending, rigid; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat
hirsute-pubescent or nearly glabrous, serrate, attenuate-acuminate; the radical
and lower eauline elongated ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, on slender
narrowly margined petioles ; the others narrowed into a winged petiole ; the
uppermost lanceolate or nearly linear, acuminate at each end, sessile, often
entire; heads numerous, in strict and dense compound racemes, on very
short peduncles; scales of the cylindraceous involucre linear-subulate, appressed
at the base, rather loose above; achenia glabrous.— Willd. spec. 3.
p. 2035 7 Nees, Ast. p. 56 7 {Lindl. ! in herb. Hook.); Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 9; DC. 1. c.7 (not of Ell.) A. paniculatus, Muhl.! herb, (at
least in part); Ell. sk. 2. p. 365; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. p. 464; not of Nutt.,
nor of Nees, 8fc. A. urophyllus, Lindl. in DC. 1. c.7
ft. heads less crowded on the rigid branches ; scales of the involucre lanceolate
subulate, or lanceolate with acute or acuminate tips ; eauline leaves
(varying from ovate to ovate-lanceolate) often nearly all cordate, thickish.
(Varies, with the leaves, as well as the upper part of the stem, either almost
glabrous, or scabrous-pubescent, or with the lower surface almost tomentose.)
Woodlands and low rich soil, Canada (Lake Huron, Dr. Todd! and
Montreal, Mr. Cleghorn ! in herb. Hook.) and on St. Peter’s River, Mr.
Nicollet! Western New York, Dr. Sartwell! and Pennsylvania! to Georgia!
and Missouri! ft. Western States, from Ohio! and Indiana! to Wisconsin!
and St. Peter’s River! Aug.-Oct.—Stem 2-4 feet high, branched above ;
the racemose (pubescent) flower-branches panicled, rather erect. Leaves
slightly ciliate; the radical ones more or less cordate, or cordate-sagittate at
the base (the sinus often closed), 2-5 inches long, and 1-2 broad, on petioles
2 to 6 inches in length; the upper eauline diminishing successively in size and
width; those of the branches narrowly lanceolate and linear, reduced on the
ultimate branchlets or peduncles to subulate bracts. Heads small (mostly
larger than those of A. cordifolius), in crowded racemes, often almost sessile,
or shorter than the bracteal leaves which subtend them. Scales of the involucre
(as long as the disk) not very numerous, subulate from a rather broad
pale appressed base to an acute point; the midrib and upper portion usually
green. Rays about 12, narrow, purple or bluish, sometimes white; the disk
yellow or turning purple.—This species is well characterised by both Elliott
and Darlington, under the name of A. paniculatus. Possibly it is not
the original A. sagittifolius; but, as it is certainly the plant of Hooker, and
accords very well with Willdenow’s description, and tolerably with that of
Nees, it will perhaps be safe to retain the name, which is not inappropriate
when applied to the radical leaves. It passes insensibly into our var. ft. ;
which generally presents larger and more scattered heads, a somewhat turbinate
involucre, with broader scales, which, however, always have slender
pointed green tips ; and the rays are sometimes bright blue : they are, as it
were, intermediate between A. sagittifolius, A. cordifolius, and A. undulatus;
but probably do not pass into the two latter.
33. A. Drummondii (Lindl.): stem and lower surface of the leaves can-
escent with a soft velvety pubescence; eauline leaves oblong-ovate, cordate,
or crenate-serrate, tapering to an acute point, strigose or scabrous above, on
margined petioles; the uppermost ovate-lanceolate and sessile; heads in
strict and mostly dense thyrsoid racemes paniculate at the summit of the
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