feather-veined, and usually slightly triplinerved at the base. Rays 15-20,
pale yellow, an inch or more in length.—This is a common species in the
Northern States, and is very variable in the disposition of the leaves. The
var. p. grows with, and apparently passes into the ordinary state of the
plant; but it is remarkable for having the leaves not only opposite, but
broadest near the sessile base, much as in H. divaricatus.
20. II. g ro sse-se rra tu s (Martens): stem smooth and glaucous; leaves alternate,
elongated lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, sharply
(the lower coarsely) serrate, scabrous above, tomentose-caneseent beneath,
mostly obtuse at the base, all on slender naked petioles; peduncles
scabrous; scales of the involucre subulate-lanceolate, slightly ciliate ; pappus
of 2 lanceolate somewhat fringed chaffy scales.—M a rten s, sel. sem. hort.
L o v a n . 1839, by in Linncea, su p p l. 14. p . 133.
p. leaves less canescent beneath, tapering into the petiole ; stem scabrous
towards the summit.
y. leaves softly canescent beneath; the lowermost opposite; the upper
(more or less serrate) mostly acute at the base, on shorter petioles; stem
smooth and glaucous.—H. giganteus, H o o k . ! compan. to hot. m a g . 1. p . 98.
Dry plains &c. St. Louis, Missouri, M r . D u e rin ck , (M a rte n s ) to Western
Louisiana, D r . H a le .' and Texas (a. & (3.) D rum m on d ! y. St. Louis,
D rum m o n d ! D r . E n g e lm a n n ! and St. Peter’s River, M r . N ic o lle t! to
Ohio, M r . L e a ! D r . P a d d o c k ! M r . S u lliv a n t! Aug.-Sept.—The leaves
in the Texan plant are 5-10 inches long, tapering regularly from near the
obtuse base to the acuminate apex, on petioles 1-3 inches in length, feather-
veined, or slightly triplinerved at the base, the very soft and close tomentose
pubescence of the lower surface turning brownish when old. Heads larger
than in H. giganteus : the pappus sometimes with intermediate squamellae.
It passes insensibly into var. y., which closely approaches H. giganteus, but
differs in the very smooth stem, the soft hoary pubescence of the leaves, and
the slender petioles.—We have seen (in herb. Schwe initz) a curious monstrous
state of this species, with the disk-flowers either transformed mto rays,
or into a 3-5-parted corolla, with very long linear (3-nerved) divisions ; and
with the anthers, and even the (commonly 3-cleft) style also changed into linear,
3-nerved, petaloid bodies.
21. H . toinentosus (Michx.): stem stout, hirsute-pubescent; leaves (ample,
thin,) alternate or rarely opposite, oval-lanceolate, or the lower ovate,
obscurely serrate, tapering to an acute point, contracted at the base, scabrous
above, softly pubescent-tomentose beneath ; the lowermost usually triplinerved;
heads (large) on stout peduncles; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
much acuminate, elongated, squarrose, villous; chaff of the receptacle
(3-toothed) and the corolla tomentose or hairy at the summit; pappus of 2
subulate (minutely fringed) awns.—M ic h x .! fl. 2. p . 141 ; E l l . ! sk . 2. p .
424; D C . p r o d r . 5. p . 589:
/?. heads larger; peduncle leafy at the summit; involucre foliaceous (apparently
a monstrous state).—H. squarrosus, N u tt. ! in trans. A m e r. p h il.
soc. 1. c.
y. leaves opposite, oval, acuminate, more distinctly petioled ; scales of the
involucre less acuminate, not longer than the disk.—H. spathulatus, E l l . !
sk. 2. p . 421. (Leaves not in the slightestspatulate, all opposite in Mr. Elliott’s
specimen ; in others frequently alternate.)
Dry soil, Illinois, and the western portions of North Carolina! Georgia!
and Alabama ! p. Columbus, Georgia! Aug.-Oct.—Stem 4-8 feet high.
Lower leaves often a foot long, 3-6 inches broad, often opposite; the upper
3-8 inches long, copiously feather-veined, sometimes triplinerved, but often
not at all so; all contracted at the base into a sort of winged petiole. Involucre
an inch or more in diameter; the long taper-pointed scales hirsute or
villous, especially on the margins. Rays 12-16, or in (3. 20, apparently pale
yellow, an inch and a half long. Corolla of the disk pubescent.
+ t Leaves opposite, or the uppermost sometimes alternate, 3-nerved or triplinerved.
22. H. doronicoides (Lam.): stem branched, smooth below, scabrous-pubescent
or hirsute above ; leaves opposite or the upper alternate, ovate, or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, strongly triplinerved, scabrous above,
softly pubescent beneath ; the upper sessile or somewhat petioled ; the lower
(often slightly cordate) on margined petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-
lanceolate, strongly hirsute-ciliate, acuminate, scarcely longer than the disk;
rays 12-15.—Lam. diet. 2. p. 84 (1789), ex DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 587, excl.
syn. Ell. bye. H. pubescens, Vahl, symb. 2. p. 92, ex DC., by Hoolc. hot.
mag. t. 2778; not of Willd. H. Hookeri, Don, in Loud. hort. Brit.
/3• leaves appressed-serrate, sometimes closely sessile, finely tomentose-
caneseent beneath.—H. pubescens, Hook.! bot. mag. t. 2778 (excl. syn.), <$•
compan. to bot. mag. A. p. 98.
y. leaves' less pubescent beneath; the lower (often a foot long) coarsely
serrate-toothed.
Fields and river-bottoms, throughout the Western ! and inland portion of
the Southern States! July-Sept.—A largo species, 5 to 8 feet high, with
ample leaves and showy heads. Rays an inch and a half long. Chaff of
the receptacle hairy at the summit, and more or less 3-toothed. Achenia
glabrous, or when young slightly pubescent above. Pappas of 2 fringed
subulate awns, and often with 2 or more intermediate denticulate-fringed
squamellas.—The var. j3. often approaches H. tomentosus; and some states
of var. y. are very near H. decapetalus.
23. H. strumosus (Linn.) : stem simple or sparingly branched and scabrous
pubescent at the summit, smooth below; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate,
gradually acuminate, serrate with small appressed teeth, very scabrous
above, whitish (and smooth or softly pubescent) beneath, somewhat
triplinerved, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles; scales of the
involucre lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tomentose-ciliate, equalling
the disk, the summits squarrose-spreading; rays mostly 10.—Linn. !
spec. 2. p. 905; Ait, Kew. (ed. 1 ) 3. p. 249. (H. radice fusiformi, Hort.
Cliff. ; Mill. ! diet. ed. 7. no. 4. Chrysanthemum Canadense strumosum,
&c., Herm. hort. Lugd. ?) H. Itevis, Walt. Car. p. 215 ? H. macrophyl-
lus, Willd. ! hort. Berol. t. 70, by enum. p. 920 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p . 587.
H. decapetalus, Darlingt.! fl. Cest. p. 483. H. altissimus, DC. 1. c.,
excl. p.
P. mollis: leaves softly canescent beneath.—II. mollis, W illd .! spec. 3.
p . 2240 (exclfisyn. Michx.) ; Pursh, fl. 2. p . 572; E ll.! sk. 2. p. 418;
Hook. ! bot. mag. t. 3689 ; not of Lam.
y. 1 leptophyllus: leaves lanceolate, slender, pale but nearly smooth beneath,
almost entire.—H. tracheliifolius p. foliis lanceolatis, Hook.! compan.
to bot. mag 1. p. 98.
Copses and banks of rivers, Canada, and throughout the Northern and
Western States! to Georgia! and Arkansas! y. Covington, Louisiana,
Drummond! July-Sept.—Stem 2-4 feet high. Leaves 3-8 inches long,
an inch or less to 3 inches wide towards the base, on petioles half an inch or
rarely an inch long, tapering to a sharp point, serrulate, green above; the
lower surface of a glaucous or lead-colored hue, or nearly white, but often
glabrous, except a few minute hairs on the veins, thence varying to tomen-
tose-canescent; the lateral nerves small, but usually continued by anastomosing
with the veins; the branch-leaves sometimes alternate. Involucre
more imbricated and appressed than in the following, with short spreading