328 COMPOSITE. HEUANTHtrS.
tips. Rays an inch to an inch and a half long, often half an inch wide,
bright yellow. Pappus of 2, or sometimes 3, subulate chaffy awns, and frequently
with 2 or 3 small intermediate scales, all ciliate.—The var. /3. only
differs in the degree of the pubescence of the leaf, which is inconstant.—
This species is sometimes cultivated in Europe under the name of H. decape-
talus ; and a different plant appears to have been known as H. strumosus: but
if we mistake not, this is the H. strumosus of Miller, of the Kew garden, &c.
It is readily distinguished by the form of the leaves, their inconspicuous ser-
ratures, and the whitish lower surface.
24. H. decapetalus (Linn.): stem branching, smooth below, scabrous at
the summit; leaves opposite, or those of the branches alternate, thin, ovate,
acuminate, coarsely serrate, triplinerved, scabrous above, smooth or scabrous
beneath; the upper ovate-lanceolate; all abruptly contracted into usually
winged petioles; scales of the involucre narrowly lanceolate-linear, loose,
squarrose-spreading, ciliate, the exterior longer than the disk; rays 8-10
(rarely 13).—Lin n .! spec. 2. p. 905 ; A it .! Kew. (ed. 1) 3. p. 249; (Ell.
sk. 2. p. 425?) Hook.! hot. mag. 1. 3510; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 588. H.
strumosus & H. tenuifolius, Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 420. H. multiflorus (partly) &
H. frondosus, Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p . 312. H. frondosus, Darlingt.! fl.
Cest. p. 483.
y. frondosus (Hook. hot. mag. 1. c .): exterior scales of the involucre larger
and foliaceous, one or more of them often changed to leaves.—H. frondosus,
Linn. ! amcen. acad. 4. p. 290, Sf spec. ed. 2. p. 1277.
. Banks of streams &c., Canada ! and Northern States ! to Kentucky ! and
the mountains of Georgia 1 Aug.-Sept.—Stem 2-5 feet high, usually purplish.
Leaves 3-6 inches long, 1-3 broad, obtuse at the base, coarsely serrate
or toothed, rather paler and often scabrous, but never pubescent beneath;
the upper surface scabrous with short often scattered hairs: they are very
thin when the plant grows in shade, and frequently perfectly smooth beneath.
Heads middle-sized, on slender terminal peduncles. Involucre very variable.
Rays rather pale yellow, an inch to an inch and a half long, and one-
third of an inch wide. Pappus of 2 subulate chaffy awns.
25. H. tracheliifolius (Willd.): stem loosely branching, hairy or somewhat
scabrous; leaves opposite, or those of the branches alternate, thin,
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, triplinerved,
scabrous or roughish-pubescent on both sides, contracted into short
petioles; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, attenuated, ciliate, very
loose, longer than the disk; the exterior often produced into long subulate
squarrose-spreading appendages ; rays 12—15.— Willd. spec. 3. p. 2241,
enum. p. 920 ; Link, eniiin. 2. p . 332.
Northern States? to Ohio! and Indiana! Aug.-Sept.—What we take
for H. tracheliifolius, on the authority of a specimen gathered in the Berlin
Botanic Garden, as well as from the original character, is a species with the
habit of H. decapetalus, but with narrower and more appressed serrate leaves,
not strongly triplinerved, mostly long and slender scales of the involucre,
which are often inclined to become foliose, and pretty large pale yellow rays.
Link remarks that it is a more hairy plant than H. decapetalus, with smaller
flowers: but the stem is nearly glabrous in our cultivated and some of the
wild specimens (the heads as large as those of H. decapetalus), while others
are quite hirsute ; and the lower surface of the leaves is sometimes nearly or
quite smooth and glabrous. We are not sure that it has been described under
this name by any succeeding author.—The plant cultivated in the Berlin
Garden in 1839 as H. prostratus, (very probably the H. proslratus, Willd.
spec. Sfc. but not Viguiera prostrata, DC.) appears to be a state of this species,
and is an erect plant.
H e IJANTHTJS. COMPOSITE. 829
26. H. hirsutus (Raf.): stem simple, or dichotomous at the summit, hirsute,
rough; leaves opposite, more or less petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually
acuminate, sparsely serrate, mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, 3-
nerved or triplinerved, very scabrous above, hirsute-pubescent beneath;
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsule-ciliate, imbricated,
equalling the disk; rays usually 12.—R a f.! ann. nat. (1820) p. 14;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 591. (Varies with the leaves nearly ovate, usually thick-
ish, but membranaceous when growing in shady places.)
/?. diversifolius: cauline leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate; those of the
branches oval or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate, nearly entire.—H. diversifolius,
Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 423.
y. trachyphyllus -• stem hispid ; leaves uniform, ovate-lanceolate, mostly
subcordate, large (6 inches long, 2 inches wide at the base), very rough on
both sides; heads larger ; rays 12-15. ■
S. stenophyllus: smaller; stem hispid; leaves narrowly lanceolate, scarcely
triplinerved, hispid-scabrous above, roughish-hirsute beneath, the upper
entire.
Dry soil, from Ohio ! and Indiana! to Louisiana ! and the western part
of North Carolina ! Georgia ! and Alabama ! y. Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher !
6. Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Dr. Leavenworth! Texas, Drummond!
July-Oct.—A polymorphous species, with larger heads than H. divaricatus
(on short peduncles, which are- sometimes leafy at the summit); and the
scales of the involucre (often scabrous-hirsute) more appressed, but the tips
at length more o r less spreading: it is also distinguished by the distinct,
although short petioles. Pappus of two subulate denticulate awns, longer
than the achenia.
27. H. divaricatus (Linn.) : stem simple, or corymbose-2-3-diehotomous
above, smooth, or the branches and peduncles sparsely hispid with spreading
hairs; leaves opposite, divaricate, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate
from an ovate base, gradually acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved from the rounded
or truncate base, very scabrous above, scabrous-pubescent beneath;
scales of the involucre lanceolate from a broad base, acuminate, ciliate, imbricated,
at length squarrose-spreading, equalling the disk ; rays 8- 12.__
L in n .! spec. 2. p. 906; Ait. ! Kew. (ed. 1 ) 3. p. 250 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 576
(excl. the char., which seems to have been made from Michaux’s and therefore
belongs to H. microcephalus); Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 315; Hook. ! fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 312 (excl. char.); Darlingt.! fl. Cfeslip. 482; DC.! prodr.
5. p. 587. H. truncatus, Schwein.! in E ll. sk. 2. p. 416. Chrysanthemum
Yirginianum &c., Moris, hist. 6. t. 3, ƒ. 62.
Borders of thickets and dry fields, Canada ! and Saskatchewan ! to Louisiana
! and Florida ! July—Sept.—Stem 1—5 feet high, often purplish and at
the same time glaucous. Leaves sometimes ternate, the cauline perhaps
never alternate, decussate, divaricate, broadest at the sessile or nearly sessile
base, thence tapering to a sharp point, 3-6 inches long, an inch, or less (rarely
2 inches) wide at the base. Heads rather small. 'Pappus of 2 short subulate
chaffy awns.
* * * * * * Perennial: heads small: rays 5-8, rarely 10: scales of the involucre few,
irregularly-imbricated, appressed, shorter than the yellow disk; the exterior with
squarrose-spreading herbaceous or acuminate tips.—Microcephali.
28. H. microcephalus : stem smooth and glabrous, with numerous slender
and spreading 2-3-cholomous branches; leaves (sometimes all opposite, occasionally
with all the upper ones alternate,) membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate,
attenuate-acuminate, somewhat serrate, petioled, veiny, triplinerved, scabrous
above, tomentose-pubescent beneath ; heads on slender scabrous-pubescent
peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, appressed,