tile oil, are evident in the leaves of this plant, with the aid of a lens, although
less abundant than in the common form.
54. iS. tortifolia (Ell.): stem frequently branched, scabrous-pubescent
above; leaves small (very numerous) linear, spreading, often twisted at the
base, sparingly serrate; the upper surface with the margins and midrib scabrous,
not punctate; the recurved racemes in a pyramidal panicle; rays 3-5,
small; the disk-flowers 3-5; achenia slightly pubescent.—E ll.! sk. 2. p.
377: Hook.! compan. to hot. mas. 1. p. 97. S. odora, Michx.! fl. 2. p.
118, not of Ait.
Dry fields, &c. North Carolina! to Florida! Louisiana! and Texas!
Aug.-Oct.—Stem erect, about 3 feet high, often much branched. Leaves
an inch or more in length, 2-4 lines wide, usually serrate with a few scattered
teeth, the minutely reticulated veins pellucid, not punctate; the lowermost
about 3 inches long, obscurely somewhat triplinerved. Heads smaller
than in S. odora; the scales of the involucre obtuse. Pappus nearly equalling
the corolla of the disk.—In the Texan plant both surfaces of the leaves
are equally puberulent-scabrous.
t t + t Leaves somewhat cinereous or canescent, thickish, feather-veined, and more
or less evidently triplinerved, the veinlets reticulated: heads middle-sized (racemes
sometimes crowded and scarcely secund).
55. £. nemoralis (Ait.) : clothed with a very short cinereous pubescence;
stem simple or corymbosely branched above ; radical leaves oblanceolate,
spatulate, or obovate-cuneifbrm, tapering into a petiole, mostly crenate-ser-
rate; cauline oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, sessile, nearly entire, somewhat
scabrous; racemes numerous, short, dense, at length recurved-spreading,
forming a crowded compound raceme or panicle usually turned to one side ;
scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed; rays 6-9, rather short; the
disk-flowers 3—6; achenia appressed-pubescent.—A it.! Kew. (ed. 1)3. p.
213 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 537 ; E ll.! sk. 2. p. 373; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.
3 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 456; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 333. S. hispida, Muhl.
in Willd. spec. 3. p. 2063, fide herb. Mvhl.! Sfc. S. cinerascens, Schweinitz !
in Ell. 1. c.
(3. dwarf and more canescent; leaves mostly entire; panicle contracted,
somewhat virgate.
y. leaves more scabrous; the upper short, obovate-spatulate.
Dry or sterile fields, &c. Canada! (from the Saskatchawan!) and throughout
the United States! common. fl. On the Assiniboin River, Douglas!
and towards the sources of St. Peter’s River, Mr. Nicollet! y. Texas, Drummond
! Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! Kentucky, Dr. Short! Manitou Island, Lake
Michigan, Dr. Engelmann! Sept.-Oct.—A well known species, remarkable
for its grayish hue and dense inflorescence. The stem (l-3 feet high, in
(3. 6-10 inches) is often entirely simple, and terminated by a small and contracted,
more or less elongated and decurved panicle, composed of short
glomerate racemes ; frequently it produces several such panicles, racemosely
or corymbosely arranged: sometimes the stem is much branched at the summit,
producing many compound panicles. Scales of the involucre minutely
pubescent-ciliate. The var. y. is a more rigid and scabrous form.
56. iS. Radula (Nutt.): stem simple, scabrous-pubescent; leaves cunei-
form-spatulate, sessile, hispidly pubescent, very scabrous, toothed towards
the apex ; the lowest tapering into a somewhat petiolate base; the upper oblong,
mostly entire; panicle contracted, turned to one side, simply racemose
at the summit; the racemes short, secund; scales of the involucre oblong,
appressed; disk-flowers and rays each 3-6, the latter very short; achenia
minutely pubescent.—Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 102, 8fin trans.
Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 327.
Dry ground, Arkansas, Nuttall! Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth.
Dr. Hale! Missouri, Dr. Engelmann! Sept— Plant 10-18 inches high,
rather slender. Radical leaves unknown: the cauline rather crowded and
rigid, rough, minutely hispid-ciliate, reticulated ; the lowest (sometimes lanceolate
elliptical and acute) 2-3 inches long, half an inch wide near the apex;
the upper successively smaller and more oblong or ovate-lanceolate, and entire,
mucronulate. Heads rather smaller than in S. nemoralis, crowded.
Bracts minute.
57. S. scaberrima: stem corymbose at the summit, very Scabrous; cauline
leaves crowded, ovate or elliptical, closely sessile, rigid, very scabrous,
somewhat triplinerved; the lower coarsely serrate-toothed; the uppermost
and the lowest bracts roundish, entire; racemes numerous, recurved, forming
a fastigiate compound panicle ; the heads crowded, strongly secund; disk-
flowers and rays each 4—6, the latter very short; achenia nearly glabrous.
Texas, Drummond !—The specimens consist of the upper portion of an
apparently large species; the thick and coriaceous leaves 1 to 2 inches long,
8-9 lines wide, triplinerved and reticulated, scarcely acute or pointed at
either end ; the upper smaller and rounder, closely sessile by a very obtuse
base; those of the branches and the lowest bracts small, nearly orbicular.
Racemes somewhat elongated. Involucre, &c. as in the preceding.—Differs
from the character of S. rotundifolia, DC. in the secund and much spreading
racemes, and the sharply toothed lower leaves. It agrees with the present
group in habit and character; but the lower leaves are so manifestly triplinerved
that it might be referred to the following division.
58. S. nana (Nutt.): pulverulently canescent; stems several from a somewhat
ligneous caudex, simple: radical and lowest cauline leaves spatulate,
entire or obscurely serrulate towards the apex, on short petioles; the others
linear, narrowed at the base, sessile, entire, scattered; panicle thyrsoid-corym-
bose ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse; rays 6-7, rather large; achenia
appressed-pubescent.—Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 327.
Rocky Mountains near Lewis River, Nuttall!—About_ a span high.
Leaves obscurely triplinerved, soft, obtuse ; the radical an inch or more in
length. Branches of the inflorescence erect; the lower slender, bearing 5-8
scarcely secund heads (smaller than in S. nemoralis) towards the summit.
Involucre somewhat pubescent.
59. S. incana: clothed with a close canescent-tomentose pubescence, when
old slightly scabrous; stems low, numerous from a suffruticose base; leaves
crowded, thick, oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, sessile, triplinerved ; the lower
obkrag-spatulate, sparingly serrate towards the apex, tapering to the base;
racemes short, glomerate, crowded in a dense thyrsoid oblong panicle, at
length somewhat spreading and secund ; scales of the involucre oval-oblong;
rays 5-8 ; achenia appressed-pubescent.
(3.1 leaves cinereous-canescent and somewhat scabrous (not tomentose),
lanceolate, acute at both ends, finely and sharply serrate above the middle, or
nearly entire; heads mostly smaller; scales of the involucre oblong-linear.
Prairies between the upper Mississippi and the Missouri, Mr. Nicollet!
13. Margin of the Lake of the Woods, Mr. Nicollet' Saskatchawan, Drummond!
(in herb. Hook.) July-Aug.—Root a Slender woody rhizoma, producing
numerous rigid stems, 6—12 inches high, sometimes a little woody at
the base. Leaves 1-2 inches long, 5-9 lines wide, equally canescent both
sides, velvety when young, less white and somewhat scabrous when older,
conspicuously triplinerved, and more or less reticulate-veined; the upper
obscurely serrate or entire. Racemes very dense, aggregated in a close
panicle, at length more or less spreading and secund. Bracts linear. Exte