7 . G. trichocarpum (DC.) : much branched ; stems erect, suffrutescent,
glabrous, the angles obtuse ; leaves 4 in a whorl, oblong-linear, 1-nerved,
short, rather rigid, the margins and nerve slightly scabrous ; branchlets few-
flowered ; fruit densely clothed with very long straight bristles.—Nutt.! mss.;
DC. prodr. 4. p. 600?
/?. leaves apiculate; flowers in small nearly sessile clusters terminating
the branches.—G. angustifolium, Nutt.! mss.
St. Diego, California Nuttall! (a. Sf/3.) /?. St. Francisco? Douglas!—
Stem stout and rigid, a foot or more high. Leaves in closely approximate
whorls, about one-third of an inch long, shining, thickish. “ Flowers poly-
gamo-dioecious, greenish-white.” Nutt. Fruit clothed with white straight
bristly hairs which are longer than the immature carpels.—This plant, to
one form of which Mr. Nuttall has applied the name of G. trichocarpum, is
most probably either the same as De Candolle’s G. trichocarpum, or his G.
eriocarpum, which are both Chilian species.
+ t Herbaceous.
8. G. trijidum (Linn.) : stem flaccid, decumbent or ascending, branching ;
the angles retrorsely scabrous ; leaves in whorls of 4-6 (the lower frequently
5 or 6, the upper 4-5), linear or oblanceolate, obtuse ; the margin and midrib
minutely (often retrorsely) aculeolate-scabrous; peduncles axillary and
terminal, 1-3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla (rather obtuse) and stamens often
3 ; fruit glabrous and even.—Linn. spec. 1. p. 105 ; FI. Dan. t. 48 ;
Wahl. fl. Lapp. p. 47; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 103; Torr. ' fl. l.p . 165; Bigel. fl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. 56 ; DC.! prodr. 4. p. 597; Cham. Sy Schlecht. in Linneea,
A. p. 221; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 99. G. Claytoni, Michx. ! jl. 1. p. 78;
Richards.! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 4; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
288. Aparine floribus albis, &c. Clayt. ! (Gronov.fi. Virg. ed. 2. p. 18.)
/3. tinctorium: stem (usually stouter) scarcely or not at all scabrous ; lobes
of the corolla and stamens mostly 4.—G. tinctorium, L in n .l.c .; Pursh,
l. c .; Tttrr 1 I l , DC. ! 1. c .; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 100. G. trifidum,
Ell. sk. 1. p. 194 ?
y. latifolium (Torr.) : stem diffuse, not scabrous : leaves elliptical or oblong;
the margins and midrib manifestly eiliolate-scabrous.— Torr.! fl. 1.
p. 165. G. obtusum, Bigel. jl. Bost. ed. 2.p. 55.
Swamps and moist low grounds, Canada ! (from lat. 68°) to Virginia ! S.
Carolina and Western Louisiana! and from Newfoundland! to Oregon!
Unalaschka, and Sitcha; also in California (Nuttall). June—July.—Stem 5
inches to 2 feet in length, erect when young, branched, at length diffuse or
reclined. Leaves frequently only quaternate, 5-10 lines long, often less
than a line wide, varying up to 3 or 4 lines wide, in var. y. rather membranaceous,
narrowed at the base. Flowers very small, white. Pedicels of the
fruit slender.—A widely diffused and very variable species; the various
forms of which are so blended, that we think no botanist, with a full series of
specimens, will succeed in distinguishing two or more species. There is a
dwarf state, growing in northern sphagnous swamps, which appears scarcely
to differ from the G. palustre except in the scabrous angles of the stem : this
form is also a native of the north of Europe. We have another state from
Oregon (which Hooker has probably referred to G. tinctorium), which much
resembles G. asprellum in its numerous flowers and very scabrous-stem and
margins of the leaves. The var. y. is a more robust form, with larger fruit,
and grows in drier soil: the margins of the leaves are almost ciliate, while
the angles of the stem are smooth. No character can be derived from the direction
of the very minute bristles which fringe the margin of the leaves
they are sometimes directed upwards on one margin and downwards on the
other. The var. (3. as well as y. have usually larger fruit. The leaves are
apt to turn blackish in drying.
9. G. concinnum.* stems diffuse, decumbent, with retrorsely and minutely
scabrous angles; leaves in whorls of 6 throughout, linear, mucronulate, 1-
nerved, veinless, glabrous, with upwardly scabrous margins; peduncles filiform,
often twice or thrice trichotomous, slightly paniculate at the extremity
of the blanches; pedicels short; lobes of the corolla acute or acuminate*
ovary glabrous.
Dry open woods and hill-sides, Michigan, abundant near Ann Arbor1 Blue
Lick, Kentucky, Dr. Short! May-June— Stems diffusely branched, a
span to a foot high, slender, very leafy, rather rigid, as well as the smooth
ancl shining leaves : the latter about half an inch long, or a little longer in
the Kentueky plant, about a line wide. Flowers very small, but numerous,
white; the peduncles and short pedicels almost capillary.—We have not
seen the fruit. The leaves do not turn black in drying, and their margins
and the angles of the stem are often very slightly scabrous.
10. G. asprellum (Michx.) .* stem diffuse, much branched, the angles very
scabrous with minute and rigid retrorse prickles; leaves 6 (those of the
branchlets often 4 or 5) in a whorl, elliptical or lanceolate, mucronate or acuminate,
glabrous, except the retrorsely aculeolate-hispid margins and midrib •
peduncles short, very numerous, crowded or paniculate on the flowering
branchlets, di-tnchotomous; pedicels filiform, divaricate; fruit glabrous or
minutely hispid.— Michx.! fl. 1. p. 78; Pursh, fl. l .p . 103; Torr.! ft. 1.
p . 166 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p'. 54 ; DC. ! prod.r. 4. p. 598 ; Darlingt. fl. ■
Cest. p. 100. G. Pennsylvanieum, Muhl. cat. p. 15; Willd. mss. in
Penult, mant. 3. p. 183. G. micranthum, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 103 t G spinul-
osum, Raf.prec. decouv. (1814)y>. 40 ? 1
Swampy thickets, Canada! and Northern States! common: probably
also m the mountains of the. Southern States. July— Stems flaccid, usually
supported on bushes, and attaining the height of 2 to 5 feet, adherent to
objects which it touches by the minute sharp hooked prickles of its stem and
leaves; the latter m approximate whorls, about half an inch long, tapering
at the base; the lower obtuse and abruptly mucronate ; the upper acuminate
into a scanous subulate point. Flowers pure white, very small but ex-
tremely numerous, covering the branchlets : the peduncles and pedicels short
but filiform. Lobes of the corolla acute. Fruit perhaps usually glabrous
when ripe, but not unfrequently more or less hispid when young; in which
1 the ™ u t h u m of Pu rsh— There is a specimen in Elliott s Herbarium, mixed with his G. cuspidatum ; but no locality is given
l he leaves usually turn blackish in drying. J 8
11. G.trifiorum (Michx.): stem flaccid, reclining or procumbent, retrorsely
somewhat aculeolate-scabrous or slightly hispid on the angles, shining •
leaves 6 in a whorl, narrowly elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate-
cuspidate, 1-nerved veiny, glabrous, the margins and sometimes the midrib
minutely ciholate-hispid or scabrous; peduncles axillary and terminal, mostly
3-flowered at the extremity ; the flowers all pedicellate ; fruit hispid with
uncinate Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 80 ; WiUd. hort. Berol. t. 66; Pursh ft
i?,4, CU.sk. l.p . 197; Torr. ! fl. l .p. 167; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed 2 .p
66, DC., prodr. 4. p. 601 ; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 290 ; Darlingt. >
H H s k ' l „ 1 9 7 C^ ld,atum’ | 1/ [pat. (exherb. 8? herb. Willd.)';
Philad. 1. p. 83, not of Muhf. ^nnsyivameum, Bart, compend. fl.
Moist woodlands, nearly throughout the United States (from Maine' to
Alabama and Louisiana!) and Canada! to Oregon! 'Califofnia (NultaU)
Unalaschka! and Sitcha. Also a native of Lapland, Sweden, and Russia
a,s Moscow ! June-J uly— Stem 1-4 feet long, sometimes quite
smooth and glabrous even on the angles ; the branches short and divergent