North America: said to be allied to S. arguta and S. elliptica. D C .—
This is perhaps our S. neglecta : but we have never observed a verrucose
stem in that species.
90. .S. recurva ta (Willd.) : stem erect, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acuminate
(veiny), serrate, nearly glabrous, the margins scabrous; racemes
elongated, secund, panicled. W illd - enum. p . 889 ; D C . p r o d r . 5. p . 334.
North America, W illd en ow .—Described from a plant cultivated in the
Berlin Botanic Garden.—Leaves glabrous above, slightly scabrous along the
nerves beneath. Rays linear-oblong, a little longer than the disk. D C .—
Pursh is the only American author who pretends to have recognized this
species, which he gives as a native of shady woods of Pennsylvania and
Virginia.
91. iS. la te riflo ra (Linn.) : panicle corymbose; racemes recurved, ascending
; stem bearing flower-branches below the middle. L in n . spec. 2.
p. 879.
North America, K a lm .—The plant is said by Linnaeus to be half the size
of S. Canadensis; the leaves entire or with one or two teeth ; the flowers as
in S. altissima; the simple branches rather shorter than the stem, corymbose.
As remarked by Smith, (Re es, c yc l.) there is some doubt as to the
plant Linnaeus had in view, which an inspection of his herbarium does not
remove. The plant cultivated under this name appears to have been
much changed by long cultivation. As described in the Hortus Kewensis, it
is said to have an erect somewhat hairy stem, lanceolate somewhat tripli-
nerved glabrous leaves with scabrous margins, the lower somewhat serrate,
and the paniculate racemes secund and somewhat recurved. According to
Willdenow (enum. p . 889), when cultivated in a shady place, the stem is
very simple, with simple axillary racemes, the lower very long, the upper
short: but in exposed situations the stem becomes branched.
92. iS. f r a g r a n s (Willd.): stem erect, glabrous ; leaves glabrous, oblong,
attenuate at each end, slightly triplinerved ; the lower somewhat serrate, the
upper entire; racemes more or less secund ; pedicels pubescent; bracts
linear-subulate, arcuate-recurved; scales of the involucre somewhat greenish
[ovate-lanceolate, acutish] ; rays oblong, rather longer than the disk
[achenia silky-villous]. D C .— W i l ld . enum. su p p l. p . 59, ex L in k , enum.
2. p. 331; D C . ! p r o d r . 5. p . 331.
North America, W i l l d .—We have seen no native plant which accords
with our specimens of this species, gathered in the Berlin Botanic Garden.
It is perhaps a maritime species; and the leaves (which are rather thick,
dark green, and shining above, 2-3 inches long, about half an inch wide, minutely
veiny,) are scarcely sufficiently 3-ribbed to give it a place among the
Trip lin erx ie e. The racemes are mostly axillary, rather crowded, and
scarcely longer than the leaves; the heads fully middle-sized; the exterior
scales of the involucre greenish: and the achenia clothed with white ap-
pressed hairs.
93. S. d u b ia (Scopoli): stem erect, striated, slightly hairy ; leaves lanceolate,
smooth, distantly toothed; clusters panicled, unilateral, rather hairy,
the lower ones axillary; bracts lanceolate, smooth. Sm ith .—Scopoli, d e l.
insubr. 2. p. 19, t. 10 ; Sm ith , in R ee s, c yc l. no. 23. S. Clelite, D C . p r o d r .
5. p. 331.
Cultivated in the Italian gardens, (collected by Smith in the garden at
Pavia, in 1787; and by De Candolle in that of Clel. Grimaldi near Genoa,
in 1808,) and supposed to be of North American origin. According to Smith,
Dryander “ considered it as coming nearest to S. elliptica; but its leaves are
narrower, and its bracteas much less. Most of the clusters are axillary, composing
a leafy panicle, and about as long as their corresponding leaves.
Rays rather numerous. The foliage is rigid, entirely smooth, finely toothed,
not serrated, somewhat triple-ribbed, indeed more so than in S. lateriflora,
next to which species we should have placed it but for its alleged affinity
to S. elliptica.” Smith, l. c.
94. S . reflexa (Ait.): stem erect, villous; leaves lanceolate, somewhat
serrate, triplinerved, scabrous, reflexed; racemes paniculate, somewhat
secund. A i t . K e iv . (ed . 1) 3. p . 211; W i l ld . spec. 3. p . 2057 (who adds:
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, with about three serratures in the
middle, scabrous, reflexed; branches of the panicle secund, reflexed, short).
D C . ! p r o d r . 5. p . 330.
This is unknown to us as a wild plant, nor can we identify the one or two
different species which are cultivated in Europe under this name with any
indigenous species. Pursh’s habitat, “ Pine woods and old fields, New Jersey
to Carolina,” is probably of no account; and the species was not recognized
by Elliott. The plant of De Candolle (Geneva Bot. Garden) has a
very much contracted and simple erect panicle, with the heads rather larger
than in S. Canadensis; the stem somewhat pubescent above; the narrowly
lanceolate leaves slightly pubescent beneath, obscurely triplinerved.
& Noveboracensis, Linn, (the particular derivation of the specimen unknown), the
ray-flowers of which probably were not yellow, is apparently an Aster, with heads
as large as those of A. patens.
ySf. asperula, of Desf. cat. 1. c., the native country of which is not mentioned, by no
means corresponds with the plant received by De Candolle under this name, which
he considers a doubtful and probably monstrous state of S. rigida.: but the species
described by Desfontaines is said to have elongated and spreading racemes, with
small secund heads.
40. BIGELOVIA. (Bigelowia,*) D C . p r o d r . 5. p . 329 (excl. § 2 & 3), dy
mem. Comp. t. 5 ; not of Smith, of S p r e n g ., nor of R a f .
Heads 3-4-flowered; the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre ela-
vate-cylindrical, somewhat colored, as long as the flowers; the scales(10-14)
linear, imbricated, appressed, rigid, somewhat glutinous. Receptacle
narrow, pointed by a hyaline or scale-like cusp as long as the achenia. Corolla,
anthers, and style nearly as in Linosyris ; the latter scarcely exserted.
Achenia somewhat obconic, hairy. Pappus a single series of scabrous capillary
bristles.—A perennial glabrous herb, with slender stems, simple or
branched from the base, somewhat naked above, corymbose at the summit.
Leaves alternate, oblanceolate or linear, entire, 1-3-nerved, obscurely punctate.
Heads in a fastigiate corymb or cyme. Flowers yellow, the involucre
also yellowish.
* “ A Chrysocoma separatum dicavi cl. J. Bigelow, qui florae Americans auream
coronam flora Bostoniensi et medica addidit.”. DC. 1. c.—We gladly retain the
name of Bigelovia for this genus (excluding the species wrongly associated with it);
since the Bigelovia of Spreng.syst., if sufficiently distinct from Spermacoce, will keep
that of Borreria so long as the Borrera of Acharius is merged in Parmelia, &c. But if
both the above-mentioned genera prove distinct, the name Borrera, Achar. must be
preserved in the Lichens, and that of Bigelovia, Spreng., Am. <pe. in Rubiacese; in
which case the present genus may be called Aciclmium.