D rum m o n d ! Sept.-Oct.—Stem 2-4 feet high, stout, clothed with a hoary
villous pubescence. Leaves membranaceous, veiny, pale beneath, and
more or less pubescent, or sometimes villous, especially on the veins, minutely
pubescent above; the lower 2-4 inches long, with margined petioles about
the same length, often 2 inches wide, mostly acute and mucronate ; the upper
gradually reduced in size, less serrate. Racemes erect, disposed in
a virgate panicle. Heads smaller than in the succeeding species, often somewhat
clustered. Scales of the involucre pale below, with conspicuous squar-
rose herbaceous tips. Achenia narrow, glabrous or nearly so ; in the specimen
from Hr. Chapman, pubescent when young. Pappus copious, sometimes
turning purplish, unequal; the longer bristles manifestly clavellate-
thickened at the apex ! In Mr. Elliott’s specimens of This interesting plant,
the pappus is purplish, but the corolla appears to be yellow (not1 pale purple’),
as it certainly is in the other specimens we have met with. That of
Dr. Chapman belongs to a large plant, apparently 5 feet high, with an open
panicle, and the heads are nearly as large as in S', squarrosa: the achenia
also are evidently pubescent, while they are very obscurely so in Elliott’s
plant. The specimen of Drummond (marked ‘ No. 328, A, Louisiana,’ in
herb. HooJc.) has smaller heads and almost glabrous leaves. In none of them
do we find any trace of ray-flowers.
* * Rays 12-16: pappus unequal, a portion of the longer bristles obscurely thickened at
the apex.
2. iS. squarrosa (Muhl.) : stem glabrous below, very pubescent at the
summit; leaves mostly glabrous, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, sca-
brous-ciliate, acute, narrowed at the base, sessile; the lowermost broadly
spatulate-oval, tapering into a margined petiole; heads (large) in short clus-
ters or glomerate racemes disposed in a dense somewhat leafy compound
spike ; scales of the minutely pubescent involucre rigid, imbricated in several
series, with conspicuous recurved-spreading herbaceous tips; disk-flowers
16 to 24 ; achenia glabrous.—Muhl.! cat. p. 79 (fide spec, in herb. Collins !);
Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 161; Beck! hot. p. 193; Darlingt.! Jl. Cest. p. 459;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 337; not of Nutt, in jour. acad. Philad., nor of Ell. ?
S. confertiflora, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 102 ; Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 4 ; not of DC. S. macrophylla, Pursh, jl. 2. p. 542?
Rocky banks, See., Canada! New England States! New York ! Pennsylvania
! and Alleghany Mountains, Kin, in herb. Muhl. ! Aug.-Sept.—
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, stout, simple. Radical and lowest cauline leaves 3-6
inches long, 1J-3 inches wide, sharply serrate ; the upper leaves gradually
reduced in size, more acuminate, the uppermost entire ; all glabrous, or sometimes
scabrous-pubescent on the midrib and principal veins, thickish. Heads
showy, about as large as in S. rigida, disposed in a rigid and thick virgate
interrupted spike often a foot ormore long; which is composed of sessile clusters
(the lower mostly shorter, the upper longer than the reduced leaves or
bracts from the axils of which they arise), or sometimes of dense racemes
about 2 inches in length. Scales of the involucre oblong, rigid, with minutely
lacerate-ciliate margins; the innermost more membranaceous and less
squarrose. Rays bright yellow, rather large.—This is not only the plant
first published as S. squarrosa (by Mr. Nuttall), but that so named originally
by Muhlenberg; as is evident from the habitats New York and Pennsylvania,
as well as Georgia, given in Muhlenberg’s Catalogue, and from the specimen
which Mr. Collins received from that author under this name. Although
not ticketed, specimens of this species exist in the Muhlenbergian
herbarium; but there are none of S. petiolaris, to which Mr. Nuttall has recently
transferred the name. Perhaps, however, the prior name of S. macrophylla
should have been adopted; but as neither this species, nor any
other with that appellation, is to be found in the Banksian herbarium (which
is Pursh’s sole authority for the plant), we have not presumed to discard the
more appropriate name of S. squarrosa; especially since Pursh’s description,
though chiefly applicable, is not sufficient to decide the point.
§ Herbaceous: rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers, rarely wanting:
headsmoreor less pedicellate, variously disposed.—Virgaurea, (Tourn.) DC.
* Heads in axillary clusters or short racemes, and often racemose at the extremity of the
Stem or branches: haves feather-veined.—Glomeruliflorse.
f Racemes or clusters often longer than the leaves, and racemose or spicate at the
summit of the stem or branches.
, 3> S. bicolor (Linn.) : hairy and often cinereous ; stem simple, or sometimes
branched at the summit; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute
at each end; the upper sessile and often entire; the radical and lower cauline
oval or spatulate-oblong, serrate, tapering into a petiole; heads in glomerate
clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, and forming
an interrupted spike, or with the spicate somewhat leafy racemes more or
less prolonged and paniculate; scales of the somewhat glabrous involucre
oblong, obtuse; rays 7-9, short, whitish or ochroleucous ; the disk-flowers
(9-14) pale yellow.—Linn. ! mant. p. 114 ; Ait. ! Kew. led. 1) 3. p. 216
Mickx.! Jl. 2. p. 116 ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 537 ; E ll.! sk. 2. p. 382 ; Bigel. J jl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. 306; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 3 ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. p.
458 ; DC. ! prodr. 5■ p . 335. S. alba, Mill. diet. Virga-Aurea flore albo,
<5cc. Pluk. aim. t. 114, f . 8. Aster bicolor, Nees. synops.; Spreng. syst. 3.
concolor: flowers of the ray and disk yellow.—S. hirsuta, Nutt.! in
jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 103, Sf in trans. Amer. phil. soc. 1. c.
Woodlands and borders of thickets, Canada! Saskatchawan ! and Northern
States! to Kentucky! and the mountains of Georgia. /3. Kentucky Dr
Short! Near Philadelphia, Mr. Gambell! Aug.-Sept— Stem 1-3 feet
high, often very hairy or villous towards the base, commonly simple ; the
compact axillary clusters of rather large heads approximate and forming an
interrupted virgate spike, leafy below, naked and nearly simple at the summit
; but the lower clusters frequently developed into racemes or branches
2-4 inches in length. Leaves more or less hairy on both sides; the lower
2-5 inches long; the upper gradually reduced in size, less serrate and more sessile.
Scales of the involucre with greenish tips and midrib. Achenia glabrous or
nearly so when mature ; when young sometimes entirely glabrous, but often
sparsely pubescent.—We’can in no way distinguish the S. hirsuta, Nutt, from
S. bicolor, except by the color of the rays, in which the latter differs from the
rest of the genus : these, however, are not pure white in S. bicolor, but cream-
color ; and in some specimens, as in those from Saskatchawan mentioned by
Hooker, they appear to be light yellow. J
4. S. lanata (Hook.): villous or woolly throughout; stem branched above •
lower leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate, tapering into margined petioles ; the
uppermost and those of the simple virgate branches oblanceolate, mostly
entire; racemes spicate, nearly simple ; scales of the involucre oval or oblong,
obtuse, nearly glabrous; rays 6-8; achenia almost glabrous— Hook '
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 4.
Plains of the Saskatchawan near the Rocky Mountains, D rum m o n d !__
Stem apparently about 18 inches high, producing near the summit a few
simple and loose elongated branches, terminated by rather dense racemes or