lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, green and glabrous above (or sparingly pubescent
when young), tomentose-canescent beneath, with spinulose-ciliate (at
length revolute) margins, either entire, repandly spinulose-toothed, or
sparingly sinuate-lobed ; the radical petioled, often sinuate-pinnatifid ; heads
small, not bracteate; scales of the subglobose involucre somewhat arachnoid
when young, with a glutinous keel near the apex, appressed; the exterior
ovate and lanceolate, tipped with a short cuspidate spreading prickle; the
innermost attenuate, unarmed; flowers purple.—Michx.! fl. 2. p. 90 ; DC.
prodr. 6. p. 653. Carduus Virginianus, Linn. ; Jacq. obs. 4. t. 99 ; Nutt.!
1. c. Cnicus Virginianus, Pursh,fl. 2. p. 506 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 270.
13. lower cauline and radical leaves all deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with the
segments often 2—3-lobed ; the upper very small, linear, entire.
y. stem more leafy, much branched and paniculate above; leaves mostly
pinnatifid and more spinescent.—Cnicus arvensis, Hook.! in compan. to hot.
mag. 1. p. 48.
<5. ? stem stouter, sparingly branched, leafy; leaves all deeply pinnatifid,
with the lobes spinescent; heads larger (roots often tuberiferous).—C. filipen-
dulum, Engelm. ! mss.
Pine woods, &c., Virginia to Georgia! Alabama! and Kentucky !
13. & y. Louisiana ! Ohio 1 &c. <5. Texas, Drummond ! Dr. Lindheimer!
April-Sept.—If or @ ?—Stem 2-3 feet high. Heads about half an inch in
diameter, smaller than in any of our species except C. arvense. In var. <5. ?
which is not unlikely either a distinct species or a variety of C. altissimum,
the heads are nearly as large as in the latter.
* * Scales of the involucre appressed, regularly imbricated in several unequal series,
unarmed, mucronate, or the exterior cuspidate with a short erect prickle: heads naked,
or merely bracteate at the base.
8. C. muticum (Michx.): stem tall, striate-angled, somewhat glabrous,
paniculate at the summit; the branches sparingly leafy, bearing 1-few
heads; leaves sessile, sparsely hairy above, arachnoid-tomentose beneath,
when old often nearly glabrous, deeply pinnatifid ; the segments lanceolate,
sparingly lobed or incised, acute, pointed with spines, the margins ciliate-
spinulose ; scales of the subglobose involucre villous-arachnoid and somewhat
viscid, appressed, unarmed; the exterior ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often mucronate
; the innermost elongated, linear-lanceolate, acute ; flowers purple.
—Michx.! fl. 2. p. 89 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 652. C. Bigelowii, DC. 1. c.
Carduus muticus, N u tt.; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1 . p. 302 ; Darlingt. ! fl.
Cest. p. 438. Cnicus muticus, Pursh, l. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 268. C. gluti-
nosus, Bigel.! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 291, not of Lam.
13. leaves often glabrous or nearly so, more rigid and spinescent; the segments
linear-lanceolate.—Carduus glaber, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 129. Cnicus
glaber, Ell. sk. 2. p. 270 ? Cirsium Nuttallii, DC. prodr. 6. p. 651 ?
Low shaded grounds and swamps, Canada! and Saskatchawan ! to
Louisiana! and Texas! the var. (3. (which is not very distinct) growing
in more exposed places, and prevailing in the Southern and Southwestern
Stales! Aug.-Sept.—2f or (§)? Stem 3-8 feet high. Margins of the
leaves strongly ciliate-spinulose when the plant grows in exposed places; the
ciliate prickles weak and bristly when in deep shade. Heads half an inch
to an inch in diameter; the dense cobwebby hairs which clothe the involucre
partly disappearing with age. Marginal flowers sometimes with the stamens
sterile, and the pappus sparingly or not at all plumose.
9. C. Lecontei: stem simple, slender, angled, naked at the summit and
terminated by a single (rather large) head; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,
spinulose-ciliolate, sparingly toothed, the teeth spinose, glabrous above,
clothed beneath like the stem with a white and floccose somewhat deciduous
wool, more or less decurrent; the lowest narrowed at the base into a kind of
petiole; scales of the ovoid involucre appressed, somewhat arachnoid when
young, glandular-carinate towards the apex; the exterior ovate and lanceolate,
cuspidate-mucronate ; the innermost elongated, linear-lanceolate, subulate
acuminate.—Cnicus Virginianus, Hook.! in compan. to hot. mag. 1 .
p. 48, not of authors.
Pine woods? Georgia, Le Conte! Covington, Louisiana, Drummond!—
If ? Stem about 2 feet high, perfectly simple. Lower leaves 6-8 inches
long, half an inch wide, irregularly beset with spinose teeth ; the margin not
revolute. Heads much larger than in C. Virginianum, and nearly or quite
equal to C. muticum : exterior scales of the involucre very short, the inner
an inch or more in length, very slender; the short points straight. Flowers
ochroleucous ?
10. C.repandum (Michx.): arachnoid-woolly when young; stem low,
simple, very leafy to the summit, bearing one or two heads ; leaves crowded,
oblong-linear, clasping, the margins undulate or repand-sinuate, thickly beset
with small prickles; exterior scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate and
somewhat awned ; the inner elongated and attenuate-acuminate; flowers
purple.—Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 89; DC. prodr. 6. p. 651. Carduus repandus,
Pers. syn. 2. p. 386. C. Virginianus, Walt. Car. p. 195 ? Cnicus repandus,
Ell. sk. 2. p. 269.
Dry pine barrens, &c., North Carolina ! to Georgia! June-July.— 2f ?
Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves 2-4 inches long, scarcely half an inch wide ;
the lowest tapering at the base. Heads middle-sized. Filaments slightly
hairy towards the base.
11. C. Drummondii: dwarf, subcaulescent, sparsely h a iry ; stem (2-5
inches high) shorter than the leaves, bearing 1—3 large heads ; leaves lanceolate,
pinnatifid, green on both sides, ciliate-spinulose, the somewhat incised
lobes spinose ; scales of the subglobose naked involucre ovate and ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, appressed ; the exterior mucronate or slightly spinose,
the innermost w'ith scarious and erase somewhat dilated tips ; pappus of the
marginal flowers slightly plumose near the base, or only denticulate! (flowers
red).—Carduus pumilus, Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1 . p. 302, excl. syn.
Banks of the Saskatchawan and prairies of the Rocky Mountains, Drummond
!—Heads rather smaller than those of C. pumilum ; the scales of the
involucre broader, smoother, and almost unarmed. Leaves chiefly radical,
sparsely pubescent on both sides.
12. C. pumilum (Spreng.): stem low, stout, striate, hairy or villous, bearing
1-3 very large heads; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, green
on both sides, more or less villous, especially on the midrib beneath, pinnatifid,
w'ith spinulose margins; the segments short, incised or lobed, very
spinose; involucre ovoid-globose, 1-5-bracteate; the exterior scales ovate-
lauceolate, appressed, acuminate and tipped with a short spine; the innermost
lanceolate-linear, with acuminate scarious tips; flowers reddish-purple.
—-DC. prodr. 6. p. 651. Carduus odoratus, Muhl. cat.p. 70 ; Darlingt.!
fl. Cest. ed. 1. p. 85. C. pumilus (& var. Hystrix), Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 130 ;
Darlingt.! fl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 437. Cnicus pumilus, Torr.! compend.
p. 282; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 292.
Dry fields and borders of swamps, Massachusetts to New York near the
coast! New Jersey ! and Pennsylvania ! July.—-(2) Stem 1-2 (rarely 3-4) feet
high. Heads usually larger than in any other N. American species, often
somewhat involucrale with a few spinose bracts. Involucre somewhat
arachnoid. Corolla about 2 inches long. Flowers fragrant, sometimes pure