P- lower leaves opposite ; the. upper alternate but approximate in pairs, on
short petioles ; all ovate-lanceolato and entire.
?'• stem somewhat hirsute or hispid ; lower leaves opposite or alternate,
petioled, coarsely sinuate-toothed or incised.—S. quercifolium, DC. ! prodr.
5 .p . 513. S. lanceolatum, Nutt, in tram. Amer. pliil. so?. 1. c.
Dry woods and fields, western part of N. Carolina, Mr. Curtis! to Georgia,
Elliott! Dr. Boykin! and Alabama, Mr. Buckley ! June-Sept.—
Stem 2—5 feet high. Leaves 3—5 inches long, 1—l i wide; the lower on
petioles 1—3 inches long. Heads smaller than in S. Asteriscus. Rays 8-15.
Achenia with narrow wings, which are very slightly produced at the apex,
which is therefore broadly and slightly emarginate, minutely ciliate, sometimes
with 2 minute callous rudiments of the awns or teeth.—This plant
bears so much resemblance to the smoother forms of S. Asteriscus, varying
•also like that speeies with either glabrous or hispid stems, and with the leaves
slightly, or very coarsely and sinuate-ineisely toothed, that we can only distinguish
them with certainty by the achenia; and hence we should have hesitated
to consider it a distinct species, had not different states of it been so regarded
by Elliott, De Candolle, Mr. Curtis, &e., apparently without reference
to the achenia. We expect that this character will yet prove inconstant, and
that all the varieties will be included under S. Asteriscus.
7. S. Asteriscus (Linn.): stem terete, hispid; leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate,
irregularly and often coarsely serrate with scattered teeth, scabrous-
hirsute both sides; the upper alternate and sessile ; the lower mostly opposite,
often ternately verticiilate ; the lowest on short hirsute petioles ; heads
solitary or somewhat corymbose; scales of the spreading involucre foliace-
ous, ciliate, the exterior hispid-scabrous, ovate, acutish, the inner large and
obtuse; achenia obovate-oval; the rather broad wings projecting beyond the
summit into 2 triangular acute lobes, united with the short subulate spreading
teeth.—L in n .! spec. 2. p. 920 ; Lam. ill. t. 707; Michx. ! jl. 2. p. 146;
Pursh, l. c .; Ell. sk. 2. p. 469 ; D C .! prodr. 5. p . 513. Asteriscus Co-
ronae-Solis, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 37, f . 42.
p. Icevicaide (DC.! 1. c .): stem and sometimes the peduncles smooth and
glabrous or nearly so; lower leaves elongated, often coarsely toothed or sinu-
ate-incised, tapering into petioles.—S. scabrum, Walt. Car. p. 217. S. Asteriscus
p. scabrum, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 183 ?
Dry sandy soil, Virginia! to Florida! and Louisiana! common. June-
Aug.—Stem 2-4 feet high. Leaves very scabrous above, less so beneath,
varying from broadly lanceolate-oblong to rather narrowly lanceolate, from
nearly entire to very coarsely toothed. Heads large, with 12-15 elongated
rays. Achenia moderately winged; the subulate teeth often breaking away
more or less from the wing, sometimes projecting beyond it, but usually
shorter.
8. S. Icevigatum (Pursh? E ll.): smooth and glabrous; stem terete, slightly
angled above; leaves coriaceous, opposite, lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate
at both ends, remotely serrate-toothed, minutely hispid-ciliate; the
lower tapering into margined petioles; the uppermost nearly sessile and obtuse
or even slightly cordate at the base, often entire; heads (small) in a
loose corymb ; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate, obtuse, squarrose; ache-
nia oVal-obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate and slightly toothed at the
summit.—S. laevigatum, Ell. sk. 2. p. 465, not of Pursh, ex char., but probably
the plant collected by Enslin.
Prairies &e. of the western part of Georgia (Elliott, &c.) and Alabama,
Mr. Buckley! July-Sept.—Stem 2-3 feet high, stout. Leaves very
smooth, except the margins; the lower 6-8 inches long and 2 in width; the
uppermost much smaller. Resembles S. scaberrimum, except that it is
smooth, with smaller heads; and the achenia not more than half the size,
broadly emarginate, and with very narrow wings.—Pursh’s character of S.
hevigatum is most applicable to a common variety of S. integrifolium: yet
the latter surely is not found in the low or middle country of Georgia (although
there is some reason to suppose it a native of the western Allegha-
nies): but the plant may have been described from the mere summit of the
stem of this species; for which, as it is certainly Elliott’s plant, we have
retained the name.
9. S. scaberrimum (E ll.): stem somewhat angled, hispid, nearly glabrous
when old (sometimes smooth when young); leaves opposite, oval, acute or
somewhat acuminate, rigid, hispid-scabrous oh both sides; the uppermost
nearly sessile and entire, the lower narrowed into petioles, denticulate or serrate;
heads few; scales of the involucre strongly ciliate, squarrose-spread-
ing, the exterior acutish; achenia (large) nearly orbicular, very broadly
winged, narrowly cleft at the summit.—E l l . ! sk . 2. p . 446.
p. very hispid, at least when young; leaves occasionally alternate; the
uppermost sessile, the lower petioled; heads often solitary.
y. hispid and scabrous; leaves oblong and lanceolate-ovate, opposite and
alternate, nearly all sessile; heads somewhat panicled.—S. asperrimum,
Hook, compan. to lot,. m a g . 1. p . 99. S. Radula, N u tt.! in trans. Am e r.
p h il, soc. 1. c. p . 341.
Western districts of Georgia, Elliott! and Alabama, Mr. Buckley! p. &
y. Louisiana, {Drummond,) Dr. Hale! Arkansas, Nuttall! Texas, Drummond!
Aug.-Sept.—Stem stout, 3-4 feet high. Leaves very rough; the
hairs, particularly of the upper surface, arising from broad papillas. Heads
as large or larger than those of S. Asteriscus; the rays numerous. Mature
achenia half an inch long, the wing also proportionally broad, often with a
distinct callous tooth.—A distinct species, remarkable for its very rough
leaves and large rounded achenia, although variable in its foliage, and allied
to S. integrifolium.
10. S . integrifolium (Michx.): stem quadrangular and striate, scabrous;
leaves rigid, numerous, opposite, lanceolate-ovate, with a subcordate sessile
and partly clasping base, tapering to an acute point, entire, or sparingly denticulate,
the upper surface and margins very scabrous, the lower closely scabrous
pubescent or often smooth ; heads in a close 2-3-chotomous corymb;
the lateral peduncles short; scales of the involucre rigid, scabrous, somewhat
squarrose; the exterior ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; achenia (large)
roundish oval or obovate, broadly winged, deeply emarginate and 2-toothed.—
M ic h x .! il. 2. p . 146; W illd . spec. 3. p . 2333; P u r sh ! j l . 2. p . 578; scarcely
of E llio tt?
. * p. Iceve: stem (striate-angled), lower surface of the leaves, and sometimes
even the peduncles and involucre smooth.—S. laevigatum, P u rsh , l. c. ? S,
speciosum, N u t t . ! in trans. Amer. p h il. soc. 1. c.
Plains, &c. Wisconsin {Mr. L a p h am !) Illinois! Missouri! and Arkansas!
to the Western districts of Georgia, p . With var. a. ; and Plains of Arkansas,
N u tta ll! Aug.-Sept.—Plant rigid, 2-4 feet high, simple or corym-
bosely branched and dichotomous. Leaves 3-4 inches long, sometimes a
little narrowed below, but usually broadest at or near the closely sessile base,
and tapering regularly to the apex. Heads as large as in S. Asteriscus; the
rays 15-20. Achenia 4-5 lines long.—The plant varies greatly as to roughness
in the same locality, and also when cultivated, the stem being sometimes
strongly scabrous, but not unfrequently perfectly smooth: the leaves are
usually very scabrous above and closely scabrous-pubescent beneath; but
occasionally the lower surface is rough like the upper, and often entirely
smooth. The species is well marked in habit.