pandly and unequally toothed, or with coarse and sharp salient teeth. Involucre,
when expanded, two inches or more in diameter. Corolla of the disk
with the proper tube short (the stamens inserted near the base), somewhat
coriaceous, hairy externally (as also the summit of the ovary) ; the throat
nearly cylindrical; the teeth ovate-lanceolate.—There are more commonly
10 nerves in the disk-corolla, approximate in pairs and nearly correspondent
to the sinuses, near which they diverge, one traversing each lacinia as near
to the axis as to the margin, and uniting within the apex with its fellow of
the adjacent sinus, in the ordinary manner. Very frequently there are 3
nerves to each set, the middle one exactly corresponding to the sinus, but
often vanishing or confluent with one of the lateral, in some part of its course:
there are no nerves corresponding with the axis of the lacinite as in Helianthus.
The rays present 10 nerves, or by bifurcation 12 to 14.
89. HALEA.
Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers (10-12) pistillate; those of the
disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double; the exterior of 4 or 5 ovate folia-
ceous scales, united below the middle, valvate in aestivation, at length shorter
than the disk ; the interior of numerous (about 15) obovate or oval-lanceolate
acuminate erect chaffy scales, more or less imbricated, nearly flat, many-
nerved, similar to the chaff of the large conical receptacle. Corolla glabrous
or nearly so ; the rays broadly oval, slightly 3-toothed, tapering and involute
at the base, hut not tubular ; of the disk deeply 5-toothed, 10-nerVed. Style
as in Tetragonotheca. Achenia 4-sided, pubescent, with a broad and flat
summit, crowned with a short pappus, composed of about 20 thick and oval
distinct and entire scales.—A tall and stout branching perennial herb, somewhat
pubescent when young, with much the aspect arid foliage of Tetragonotheca.
Stem striate, quadrangular below. Leaves opposite, or rarely
ternately verticillate, rather large, veiny, the margin thickly set with sharp
unequal salient or laciniate teeth, all sessile; the lowermost oval-oblong,
tapering into a narrowed base, more or less" connate; the upper ovate or
ovate-oblong, connate-perfoliate. Heads (rather large) on naked peduncles
terminating the stem or branches. Flowers yellow.
H. Ludoviciana.
Dry sandy soil, Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! Dr. Hale! Texas,
Drummond! Dr. Leavenworth ! June-Aug.—Stem 2-4 feet high. Heads
about an inch in diameter. Exterior involucre very slightly angled at the
junction of the scales; which are broadly ovate, obtuse, or scarcely acuminate,
glabrous, persistent, and at length shorter than the elongated conic receptacle.
Rays not twice the length of the involucre, 10-nerved. Corolla
of the disk with a very short coriaceous proper tube (as in Tetragonotheca),
the elongated throat slightly dilated: the 10 nerves in pairs corresponding
with the sinuses, approximate but distinct from the base to near the sinuses,
where they diverge and traverse the lobes of the corolla about half way between
the margins and the axis. Anthers yellowish. Exterior envelope of
the achenium (calyx-tube) separable.. Pappus a very short chaffy crown;
the scales distinct but very thickly set, obtuse, nerveless, of nearly the same
texture as in Sclerolepis; the alternate ones usually smaller and almost
forming an exterior series.—If the pappus alone were considered, this plant
would probably be referred to the division Galinsogeae of the subtribe Hele-
niese; but its true affinity is undoubtedly with the present subtribe, and particularly
with Tetragonotheca. It forms, however, a distinct and very remarkable
genus, which we have named in honor of one of its discoverers,
Dr. Josiah Hale of Alexandria, Western Lousiana, a zealous botanist, who
has favored us with extensive collections and important observations, illustrative
of the botany of that region.
Div. 2. E u h e i i a n i h e i i .—Rays (neutral or imperfectly styliferous)
sterile, ligulate. Achenia often compressed, but never obcompressed. Pappus
coroniform, toothed, or of 1—4 awns, chaffy scales, or squamellae, often
none. (Rudbeckieae & a part of Coreopsideae, DC.)
90. ECHINACEA. Meench, meth. p. 591; Cass. diet.; DC. prodr. 5. p. 554.
Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers much elongated, in a single series,
somewhat styliferous but sterile; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales
of the involucre lanceolate, cifiate, often squarrose, imbricated in 3 or more
series. Receptacle conical; the navicular lanceolate chaff terminated with
a cartilaginous cusp, exceeding the flowers of the disk. Corolla of the disk
cylindrical, with 5 erect teeth; the proper tube almost none; the stamens
therefore inserted at the very base of the corolla. Branches of the style terminated
with a long lanceolate hispid appendage. Achenia of the ray abortive
; of the disk 4-sided, obpyramidal, thick. Pappus coroniform, unequally
toothed, marcescent or persistent.—Perennial (N. American & Mexican)
herbs; with alternate, or rarely opposite, 3-5-nerved undivided leaves.
Stem or branches naked above and terminated by a single large head. Rays
purple, or sometimes nearly white, 2-3-toothed at the apex, at length elongated
and dependent, marcescent or tardily deciduous : disk-flowers greenish
or dark purple ; the points of the chaff purplish.
The propriety of separating these plants from Rudbeckia was suggested by Gro-
novius, in 1762, and recently by Elliott, who was not aware of its establishment by
Moench in 1794.—The long and thick blackish roots are very pungent to the taste,
and are employed in popular medicine, and for the cure of ulcers, in some parts of
the country, under the names of LobeliaBlade Sampson, dpc.- The disk in all the
species is at first flatfish, but elevated and between globose and conical in fruit: the
marcescent rays also vary in length with age, as well as in color.
1. E . purpurea (Moench): stem smooth and glabrous, striate; leaves
usually scabrous, often serrate; the radical ones ovate, about 5-nerved and
veiny, on long petioles ; the cauline ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, tapering
into a margined petiole, or the uppermost almost sessile ; scales of the
involucre imbricated in 3-5 series, squarrose.—Moench, l. c .; DC.! 1. c.
Rudbeckia purpurea, L in n .! spec. 2. p. 907; Bot. mag. t. 2 ; Schkuhr,
handh. t. 259; Michx.! ft. 2. p. 143; Pursh! ft. 2. p. 573; Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 178; Ell. sic. 2. p. 450 ; Bart. ft. Amer. Sept. 2. t. 64. Chrysanthemum
Americanum, &c., Catesh. Car. 2. t. 59. Helichroa Linnaeana, elatior,
amoena, furcata, &c. Raf. neog. &pc. .
13. stem glabrous or slightly hispid near the summit; leaves hispid-scabrous,
the upper ones sometimes opposite.
v o l . n.—39