Leaves membranaceous (sometimes in whorls of 5), tapering at the base,
varying in size from 2 inches to three-fourths 'of an inch in length ; those of
the branches more conspicuously cuspidate. Peduncles rarely twice tricho-
tomotis. Flowers small, greenish, or greenish-white in open places: the
lobes of the corolla acute or acuminate. Fruit densely hispid with white
hairs.—This plant has a wide range, and (although well-marked) is subject
to considerable diversities, which however we cannot distinguish as varieties.
The smaller-leaved forms (G. cuspidatum, Ell. Sfc.) abound in the Southern
States. It exhales a vanilla-like odor in drying.
* * Flowers dull purple or brownish; peduncles axillary and terminal, usually 2-3
times di-t'richotomous.
12. G. pilosum (Ait.) : stem ascending, hirsute Or hairy; leaves 4 in a
whorl, oval, mucronulate, indistinctly 3-nerved at the base, punctate with
pellucid dots, hairy and ciliate ; peduncles usually twice or thrice di-tricho-
tomous at the extremity of the branches, the flowers all distinctly pedicelled %
fruit densely hispid with uncinate bristles.—Ait. Kew. (ed. 1) 1. p. 145 ;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 104 ; Ell. sic. 1. p. 196; Torr.! jl. 1. p. 167; Darlingt. ! fl.
Cest.p. 101. G. puncticulosum (3. pilosum, DC.! prodr. 4. p. 601. G.
purpureum, Walt. Car. p. 87 ?
/3. puncticulosum : stem and leaves, except their ciliate margins, almost
glabrous.—G. puncticulosum, M ichx.! jl. 1. p. 80 ; DC. ! 1. c. G. Bermu--
dense, Linn. spec. 1. p. 105, as to syn. Gronov., but not of Plulc. aim. t. 248.
G. Bermudianum, Pursh.jl. l .p . 104 ; Eli. l. c l G. punctatum, Pers. syri.
1. p. 128.
Dry woods, and in sterile shady soil, throughout the United States, from
New York! to Texas! /3. Virginia! to Louisiana! June-July.—Stems
1-2 feet high, often several from the same root, mostly simple, except the
short spreading flowering branches; the pubescence variable in degree.
Leaves about three-fourths of an inch long'. Flowers paniculate-Cymulose;
the ultimate divisions of the peduncle 3-flowered. Lobes of the brownish-
purple corolla acute or acuminate.: Fruit very strongly hispid with, white
bristles.—The name of G. Bermudense should be retained for the ■ IRubia
tetraphylla glabra, latiore folio, Bermudensis,’ etc. of Flukenet.
13. G. circrezans (Michx.) : stem erect or ascending, nearly smooth, or
sometimes hairy; leaves 4 in a whorl, oval or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse,
3-nerved, somewhat pubescent, the margin and -nerves ciliate; peduncles
terminal or lateral, usually once dichotomous, divaricate in fruit, bearing
several remote deflexed flowers on extremely short lateral pedicels; fruit
densely hispid with uncinate bristles.—Michx.! f l . l . p . 80; ELl.sk. 1. p.
197; Torr. ! jl. l . p . 168 (excl. syn. Gronov.); Big e l.! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p.
55 ; DC.! prodr. 4. p. 601 ; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 102. G. brachiatum,,
Muhl. cat. p. 16, not of Pursh. G. boreale, Walt. Car. p . 257. G. cir-
caeoides, Bam. 8f Schult. syst. 3. p. 256.
(3. lanceolatum (Torr.) : leaves lanceolate, or often ovate-lanceolate, rather
acute.— Torr.! cat. pi. New York, p. 23 ; DC.! l.c. G. lanceolatum, Torr.!
jl. 1. p. 168; Hook. jl. Bar.-Am. 1. p. 280; Darlingt. jl. Cest. p . 102. G.
Torreyi, Bigel.! Jl. Bost. ed. 2.p. 56.
y. montanum: dwarf; leaves obovate, nearly glabrous.—G. Littellii,
Oakes! mss. _
Rich woodlands, Canada! to Florida,- Louisiana! Arkansas! and Missouri!
y. Mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, Mr.
Oakes! Mr. W. F. Macrae! Mr. Tuckerman.—Stems 10-18 inches high,
often many from the same root, or branched from the base. Leaves 1-14, or
in /?. sometimes more than 2 inches long, variable as to pubescence; the
lower surface marked with scattered indistinct vesicular dots. The inflorescence
assumes a seorpioid form : the peduncles usually fork at the base of
the pedicel of the earliest flower, but seldom if ever afterwards: beyond this
the divisions of the peduncle are prolonged indefinitely, bearing a solitary
almost or quite sessile (central or alar) flower at each node. Corolla brownish
purple (rarely cream-colored!); the lobes acuminate-cuspidate. Fruit
clothed with dense white bristles.—The leaves of our var. /?. are said by Dr.
Darlington, not to have the sweet taste which characterizes G. circaezans :
that plant is usually perhaps sufficiently distinct in appearance, but the frequent
intermediate states seem to forbid their separation. We suppose our
var. y. to be a state of this species growing upon high mountains; but our
specimens are insufficient. The stems are 4—6 inches long, and the leaves
large in proportion.— Wild Liquorice.
14. G. latifolium (Michx.) : stem erect, smooth; leaves 4 in a whorl, lanceolate,
acute, 3-nerved, punctate with oblong pellucid dots, glabrous; the
margins and midrib minutely hispid-ciliolate; peduncles axillary and terminating
the short branches, twice or thrice dichotomous, and with the filiform
pedicels divaricate or spreading; fruit (pretty large) glabrous.—Michx. ! jl.
1 • p. 79; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 599.
P- leaves rather rigid, less acute; pedicels and ovaries sparsely and minutely
scabrous.—G. latifolium, Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 48.
On the Alleghany Mountains, of North and South Carolina, Michaux !
Fraser (in herb. DC.) and of Georgia, Mr. Buckley ! (3. Missouri (or Arkansas
?) Dr. Engelmann ! June—July.—Stem a foot or more high. Leaves
1-2 inches long, tapering from near the base to the apex, rather acute at each
end; the whorls somewhat distant. “ Flowers violet-purple.” Michx.—
We have seen the specimens in the herbaria of Michaux and De Candolle,
but have only recently received the plant from Mr. Buckley, who states that
it is very common on the Alleghany Mountains: our specimen is in fruit. The
variety from Dr. Engelmann is in the same state, and only differs (besides
the slight characters indicated above), in having the whorls more approximated.
It is a well-marked species.
* * * Flowers white; the peduncles disposed, in a terminal panicle.
15. G. boreale (Linn.) : stem erect, straight, smoothish; leaves 4 in a
whorl, linear-lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, rather obtuse; panicle elongated,
somewhat pyramidal; fruit hispid with short scarcely uncinate hairs, or
sometimes glabrous.—Linn. spec. 1. p . 108 ; Pursh, fl. l .p. 104 ; Torr. !
fl. l . p . 169; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p .'289 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 103. G.
Bermudianum, Muhl. cat. p. 16. (ex herb., fide Darlingt.) G. strictum,
Torr.! cat.pl. New York. p. 23. G. septentrionale, Ram. Sr Schult. syst. 3.
p. 253 ; Bigel.! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 54 ; D C .! prodr. 'l.p . 601.
Woods and rocky banks of streams, Northern States! and Canada! to
Arctic America and Oregon 1 July.—Stem 1-2 feet high, somewhat branching,
often pubescent at the nodes. Leaves 10-18 lines long, often rather
broadly lanceolate, and slightly ciliate when young in the American plant.
Lobes of the corolla acute.—There is an European variety with glabrous
fruit, and another with the ovary very slightly and sparsely hispid : both
these states occur not unfrequently in this country.
16. G. rubioides (Linn.): stem erect, straight, smoothish ; leaves 4 in a
whorl, elliptical-lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, scabrous on the margin ; pe-
duncles numerous, trichotomous, disposed in a large terminal panicle; fruit
glabrous. Linn. spec. 1. p. 105; Cham. Schlecht. in Linncea, 3. p. 220 r
DC.prodr. l .p . 599 ; Hook. Sf Am . hot. Beechey, p. 115; Hook. ft. Bor.-
Am. 1. p . 289. Ml'. t f '
Dry elevated soils, under pine trees, in the valley of the Oregon, Douglas,
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