feet high, usually naked at the summit. Radical leaves a foot or more in
length, 1 to 2J inches wide.—In Mr. Nuttall’s specimens, we observe traces
of the clammy varnish which is so apparent on the leaves of the var. /?.
* * Scales of the involucre fewer, subspatulate-obtong: stem sometimes branching: rays
seldom 12.
3. W. a n g u stifo lia (Nutt.): stem hirsute or pubescent above ; leaves spat-
ulate-lanceolate, or the lower and radical spatulate-oblong, entire, nearly
glabrous when old, attenuate at the base ; the lowest petioled ; scales of the
involucre foliaceous, hirsute, especially on the margins ; achenium hairy to-
wpds the truncate or obscurely coroniform summit, 1-2-awned, and often
with a short sharp tooth from one or more of the remaining angles.—N u tt. I
l. c. Alarconia angustifolia, D C . ! 1. c. Helianthus longifolius, Hook.
A m . ! hot. Beechey, p . 149.
California, Bee che y ! D o u g la s ! N u t ta l l!—Stem varying from 8 to 20
inches in height, with a very large head, terminating the stem or branches.
Lower leaves sometimes more than an inch broad, wider indeed in proportion
to their length than in the preceding, often obtuse. Scales of the involucre
an inch long, and a third of an inch broad.—We are uncertain whether
the Alarponia helenioides of De Candolle is founded upon an awnless state
of this, or the preceding species.
•4. W. amp lex icaulis (Nutt.): smooth and glabrous throughout, somewhat
shining or glutinous ; leaves lanceolate-elliptical, rather coriaceous, venose ;
the radical on short petioles, sometimes serrulate ; the lower cauline narrowed
at the base, nearly sessile ; the upper partly clasping ; heads solitary,
or often two or more from the axils of the upper leaves, on short peduncles;
scales of the involucre lanceolate-ovate or oblong, appressed, glabrous ; pappus
unequally 3—8-toolhed, one or two of the teeth often prolonged into
awns.—N u tt.! l . c . Espeletia amplexicaulis, N u tt.! in jo u r . a ca d . P h ila d .
7. p . 38.
In the Rocky Mountains, on Flat-Head River Sec., M r . W y e th ! N u tta l l!
June.—Root large and thick, used for food by the Indians. Stem 8 inches
to 2 feet high. Lower leaves 6-12 inches long, 1-2 wide, often obtuse and
somewhat obovate. Heads smaller than in the preceding; the broad scales
of the involucre few, barely in a double series.
86. BALSAMORHIZA. H o o k . f l . B o r .-A m . 1. p . 310 ; (under Heliop-
sis); N u tt, in trans. A m e r. p h il . soc. (n . ser.) 7. p . 349-
Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, in a single series ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 to 3 or
more series; the exterior foliaceous, as long as the disk ; the innermost chaffy.
Receptacle nearly flat; the chaff linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat
foliaceous, scarcely embracing the flowers. Corolla of the disk cylindrical,
elongated, with a short proper tube, 5-toothed ; the teeth sparingly bearded
externally. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers filiform, very hispid
throughout. Achenia quadrangular, or those of the ray compressed, glabrous,
entirely destitute of pappus.—Low pubescent or canescent herbs (natives of
the plains of Oregon and the Rocky Mountains); with a thick fusiform dark-
colored root, abounding in a terebinthine juice, and chiefly radical leaves ; the
simple stems or scapes bearing usually solitary large heads, which resemble
those of Helianthus. Ray and disk yellow.
The large roots of all the species, especially those of the second section, are employed
by the Indians for food: when cooked upon hot stones, or otherwise, they
acquire a sweet and rather agreeable taste. Nuttall, tfc.
§ 1. Leaves p in n a tifid : scapes hearing a single head.
1. B. Hookeri (Nutt.! 1. c.) : silky-pubescent or canescent; leaves with
a lanceolate outline, pinnately parted ; the segments very numerous, crowded,
linear, sparingly toothed or incised, or the lower pinnatifid, and the uppermost
confluent; scapes several from the same root; scales of the involucre
narrowly lanceolate, acute, numerous, the exterior somewhat spreading.
—Heliopsis? balsamorhiza, Hook. ! f l . B o r.-Am . 1. p . 310.
|0. leaves ovate-lanceolate, sinuate-pinnatifid and crenate-serrate.—Heliopsis
(Balsamorhiza) terebinthacea, Hook. 1. c. ? (A state with the segments
more or less confluent, which often occurs in a portion of the leaves.)
Plains of the Oregon, common, Douglas!, N u tta ll!—Stem at first 6-8
inches, in fruit 12-18 inches high, naked, or with one or two rudimentary or
small pinnatifid leaves. Rays 12-18. Root exuding a copious limpid resin
when wounded, with a strong turpentine odor.—By an error of the press, in
Hooker’s character, the scales of the involucre, instead of the radical leaves,
are said to equal the stem in length : the latter is the case when the flowers
appear; but in fruit the scape is much longer.
2. B. hirsuta (Nutt.! I .c .) : somewhat hirsute, not canescent; leaves
with an elongated lanceolate circumscription, pinnately divided; the divisions
lanceolate-oblong or cuneiform, pinnatifid, often 2-3-parted, with rough
hirsute-ciliate margins ; petioles dilated and very woolly at the base ; scales
of the involucre broadly lanceolate, lanuginous-ciliate, closely imbricated in
4 or 5 series.
Dry plains near the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and in the Grande Ronde
prairie, N u tta ll!—Leaves about a foot long. Scape often entirely naked.
3. B. incana (Nutt.! 1. c.) : densely canescent-tomentose throughout;
leaves with an oblong or deltoid-lanceolate circumscription, pinnately divided
; the divisions oval or oblong, entire, or with the lower margin somewhat
toothed, the uppermost confluent; scales of the involucre imbricated in
2-3 series; chaff of the receptacle much shorter than the flowers.
In the Rocky Mountains, N u tta ll!—Scape 6-8 inches high, bearing a
very showy head ; the rays 12-14, more than an inch long, deep yellow,
sometimes with infertile filaments, as also in the other species.
4. B. macrophylla (Nutt.! 1. c.) : nearly glabrous; leaves oblong or oval,
pinnately parted ; the divisions lanceolate-oblong, entire, sometimes slightly
lobed or toothed at the base, with somewhat ciliate and scabrous margins;
the uppermost confluent; scales of the involucre in about 3 series, lanceolate,
the exterior foliaceous and reflexed.
Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Colorado of the West, N u tta ll!
—Leaves and stem sprinkled with minute glandular atoms; the segments
of the latter 2-3 inches long, sometimes nearly an inch wide.
§ 2. Leaves entire or crenate, hastate-cordate, or the few cauline tapering a t
the base, all on long p e tio le s: scapes hearing 1 to 3 h ea d s: receptacle
broad a nd f la t .—Artorhiza, Nutt. (Espeletia. N u tt., not of II. B. Sf K.)
5. B. sagittata (Nutt.! l.c .): canescently tomentose; radical leaves cordate
hastate or cordate-ovate, entire, acute, somewhat 3-nerved at the base ;
the cauline linear, attenuate below ; exterior scales of the involucre longer
than the inner, spreading, lanceolate, densely tomentose; rays 20-24.—