spikes about 2 inches long. Leaves membranaceous ; the lowest nearly 4
inches long, including the winged petiole ; the uppermost very small. Heads
smaller than in S. bicolor, but otherwise very similar, abôut 15-flowered.
Achenia minutely pubescent-scabrous under a lens.
t t Clusters or glomerate racemes mostly short and axillary.
5. S . pubens (M. A. Curtis ! mss.) : stem virgate, nearly terete, pubescent,
tomentose-villous above; leaves (membranaceous) oval-lanceolate, acuminate
at each end, sessile, coarsely and unequally serrate-toothed, nearly glabrous
above, pubescent especially on the veins and midrib beneath ; heads in
small axillary clusters; the lower remote, the upper approximate and forming
a continuous and contracted virgate raceme ; involucre as well as the very
short peduncles villous-tomentose ; fhtf scales linear, rather obtuse, unequal ;
rays and disk-flowers each 4-7 ; achenia canescent.
Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, Mr. Curtis! Aug.-
Sept.—Stem slender, apparently simple and 2-3 feet high ; the flowering
portion often a foot long, with 7 or 8 of the lower roundish clusters much
shorter than the leaves ; the others similar but crowded (the subtending leaves
reduced to bracts), forming a continuous spicate raceme 3-5 inches long.
Leaves 3-5 inches in length, an inch or more in breadth, the upper surface
sprinkled with minute appressed hairs; the upper successively reduced in
size, less pointed but more tapering to the base, less serrate, more hairy above
and pubescent beneath. Heads about as large as in S. cæsia; the rays rather
small.
6. S. Buclcleyi : stem and lower surface of the oblong (acute at each end)
subsessile leaves villous-pubescent ; heads in small (loose) axillary clusters
much shorter than the leaves ; peduncles villous ; scales of the involucre
nearly glabrous, rather acute ; the exterior ovate-lanceolate, short ; the innermost
linear ; rays 4-6, the disk-flowers 9-12 ; achenia short and broad,
(compressed ?) glabrous.
Interior of Alabama, Mr. S. B. Buckley ! Oct.—Stem (simple or branched
?) apparently 2 feet or more in height, almost villous with soft hairs, leafy
to the summit. Leaves about 3 inches long, and an inch to an inch and a
half in breadth, nearly equal, membranaceous, copiously feather-veined, the
veins and veinlets of the lower surface villous-pubescent, unequally and not
very coarsely serrate with broad teeth, or the uppermost entire ; the upper
surface nearly glabrous. Heads larger than in S. latifolia ; the lowermost
nearly solitary on very short peduncles, the upper 5-8 together in short racemes
or clusters. Involucre shorter than the disk ; the outermost scales
only pubescent. Rays rather small. Achenia perfectly glabrous, apparently
compressed !—The only specimen we possess is somewhat imperfect.
7. S. latifolia (Linn.) : stem angled, often flexuous, glabrous : leaves
broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate-toothed, conspicuously
acuminate at both ends, or somewhat petioled, mostly hairy on the
veins beneath ; heads in short axillary clusters or oblong racemes, and racemose
or somewhat paniculate at the summit of the stem ; peduncles pubescent
; exterior scales of the glabrous involucre very short ; the interior oblong-
linear or slightly spatulate, obtuse ; rays 3-4, large ; the disk-flowers 6 or 7 ;
achenia silky-pubescent.—Linn.! spec. 2. p. 879; Smith, in Bees, cycl.no.
49; Muhl. ! cat. p. 79; Torr. ! compend. p. 304. S. flexicaulis, {Linn,
spec., ex syn. Pluk. Sf Herrn., not of herb.) Ait. ! Kew. [ed. 1) 3. p . 217 ;
Michx.! jl. 2. p. 118 (a.) ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 386 ; DC. !■ prodr. 5. p. 335.
S. flexicaulis j8. latifolia, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2064 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p . 542 ;
Hook. ! Jl- Bor.-Am. 2. p. 5 ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. p. 460. S. macrophylla,
Bigel.fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 305. Virga-Aurea Canadensis, &c. Herm. parad.
B a t. t. 244 (poor). V. montana Scrophulariæfolio, P lu k . alm. 1. 235, f . 3.
V . latissimo folio Canadensis glabra, P lu k . 1. c. f . 4? (Varies, with the
glomerate racemes, which usually do not exceed the margined petiole or attenuate
base of the leaves, sometimes prolonged and exceeding the leaves,
either simple or branched, or paniculate. S. flexicaulis, var. 2. M ichx.
S. flexicaulis f}. ? ciliata, D C . ! 1. c.)
Moist woods and shady banks of small streams, Canada ! and Northern
States ! to Kentucky ! and the mountains and upper country of Georgia.
Aug.-Oct.—Stem usually simple, 1-3 feet high, very commonly flexuous,
angled by 2 or 3 decurrent lines from the base of the leaves, often hairy or
pubescent at the summit. Leaves membranaceous, 3-5 or 6 inches long,
and l j to 3 or 4 inches wide (the upper smaller and narrower, thé uppermost
much reduced in size), abruptly narrowed (the lowermost sometimes almost
cordate) at the base into a winged petiole, fully as long as the acuminate
apex of the leaf, closely, unequally, and very sharply serrate-toothed, or almost
laciniate-toothed, the teeth triangular-lanceolate and spreading, often
ciliate ; the upper surface glabrous, or scabrous with short scattered hairs.
Heads middle-sized ; the clusters or racemes mostly sessile.—It must be admitted
that the broader-leaved forms of S. cæsia sometimes too closely approach
this species, yet we cannot but consider them as distinct. The very
broad abruptly petioled leaves, with closely set and spreading teeth, and the
angular stem, obviously distinguish the S. latifolia ; which is one of the most
common species throughout the Northern States.
8. S . cæsia (Linn.) : stem terete, simple or branching, seldom flexuous,
glabrous, mostly glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous,
serrate, acuminate, sessile ; heads in short axillary clusters, and sometimes
racemose-paniculate at the summit ; peduncles pubescent ; exterior scales of
the nearly glabrous involucre oblong, short ; the interior oblong-linear, obtuse
; rays 3-4 ; the disk-flowers 5-7 ; achenia pubescent.—L in n . spec. 2. p
879 ; A it. ! Kew. [ed. 1) 3. p . 217 ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 540 ; Smith, in Rees',
cycl.no. 37 ; E ll. ! sk . 2,p . 385 ; B ig e l. ! f t . Bost. ed. 2. p . 306 ; D a r lin g t. !
Jl. Cest. p . 460 ; D C . ! p rodr. 5. 336. S. flexicaulis, L in n . ! herb. (Sc spec
lMS& f a syn-) 1 Smith, l . c . ; not of A it., D C . Sfc. S. flexicaulis, var. 3’,
M ic h x .! Jl. 2. p . 118. S. axillaris, P u r sh ! Jl. 2. p . 542; Beck, bot. p.
193; D C . p rodr. 5. p . 335. S.livida, W illd . e n um .p . 890 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p.
541. ^ Virga-Aurea Marilandica cæsia glabra. D ill. E lth . t. 307, ƒ. 395.__
(Varies, with the stem simple, or considerably branched ; the heads in small
globular clusters, or in more or less prolonged racemes at the summit of the
stem or branches ; the leaves vary from oblong-lanceolate to elongated linear-
lanceolate, &c.)
Woodlands and thickets, Canada! to Georgia! and Louisiana! Aug.-
Oct.—Stem 1-3 feet high, slender, often purplish, and of a glaucous hue
Leaves 2-5 or even 6 inches long, one-third or half an inch to an inch and a
half wide, smooth, except the scabrous margins, mostly narrowed at the base
but sessile, irregularly and sharply serrate, with the teeth either appressed’
or often coarse and somewhat spreading; the uppermost usually entire ; the
radical and lowermost ovate or oblong and tapering into a slight petiole
Heads nearly as large as in S. latifolia; the bright yellow rays very similar'
the achenia pubescent, but not silky or canescent— There is no specimen of
fe. cæsia in the Linnæan herbarium, and that species appears to have been
founded on the figure of Dillenius. Although the specimen of S. flexicaulis
m the herbarium of Linnæus certainly belongs to this species, as Smith has
long since remarked, yet we are unwilling to employ that name; 1st, because
the stem is very seldom flexuous; 2nd, because most succeeding authors
have applied it to S. latifolia, while the equally ancient name of S. cæsia
has not been misapplied; and 3rd, because the specific phrase given by Linnæus,
and the entire synonymy, belong to S. latifolia. Those authors,