y. stem and leaves hispid or hispidly scabrous; rays usually shorter and
rather broader. E. serotina, DC.! 1. c. Rudbeckia purpurea /3. serotina,
Nutt.! l . c . R. serotina, Sweet, B r it.fi. gard. t. 4 ; Lodd, hot. cat. t.
1539. R. hispida, Hoffm., ex DC. R. speciosa, Link. enum. 2. v. 352,
ex DC.
d. stem and leaves hispid-scabrous; rays nearly white.
Virginia! to Georgia! and Alabama! mostly in the Western districts, and
Ohio! to Louisiana! 6. Illinois, Dr. S. B. Mead! July-Oct— Stem 2-5
feet high. Rays 12-20, II to more than 2 inches long, dull purple.—The
short pappus appears to be persistent, not deciduous as described by De Candolle.
The horizontal root, which is said to distinguish E. serotina, is sometimes
observed in the smooth plant.
2. E . angustifolia (DC. 1. c.) : stem hispid, mostly simple, naked above;
leaves all lanceolate and-linear-lanceolate, hairy or strigose-hispid, entire,
3-nerved, all but the uppermost tapering into petioles; scales of the short involucre
m about 2 series.—E. pallida, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n.
ser.) 7. j>. 354 (1841). Rudbeckia pallida, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7.
P-.“ - (Rays 12—15, at first often short, at length elongated and .slender,
2 inches long, dependent, varying from light purple to pale rose-color.)
/?. leaves crowded towards the base of the short stout stem, oblong-lanceolate,
on short petioles, strongly strigose-hispid ; rays 20 or more, pale rose-
color or white.
y. leaves hirsute; the lowest lanceolate-oblong, the upper narrowly lanceolate
; stem often glabrous below; rays about 15, dark red.—E. sanguinea,
Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. 1. c. (Varies with the leaves' almost
glabrous.)
Prairies and low barrens, from Illinois! and Missouri! to Alabama! Arkansas!
Western Louisiana! and Texas! /?. Upper Missouri, Mr. Nicol-
let! May-July.—A common plant beyond the Mississippi, variable in size
(1-3 feet high), usually slender, and nearly naked above the middle ; the
leaves 3-7 inches long, one-fourth to more than half an inch wide, on petioles
of variable length. Heads smaller than in the preceding; the disk purplish
brown and usually with shorter cusps to the chaff. Root perpendicular.
3. E .? atrorubens (Nutt. 1. c .) : glabrous; stem elongated, terete; leaves
narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire, tapering into long petioles, the margins
scabrous; chaff exserted, lanceolate, acute; rays very dark red. Nutt.__
Rudbeckia atrorubens, Nutt, in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p . 80.
(3.1 graminifolia: stem slender, striate-angled, strigose-pubescent above ;
leaves scattered, narrowly linear, elongated, rigid, shining, slightly strigose-
pubescent when young, 3-nerved (the lateral nerves marginal), acute, sessile;
the lower with a long attenuate base as if petioled; rays 9 or 10, oblong,
dark Ted-purple; chaff of the receptacle oblong, thick and fleshy, abruptly
mucronate, as long as the (purple) corolla; pappus minute, 4-toothed.
Plains of Arkansas, and also in Georgia (Dr. Wray), Nuttall. (i. Low
pme barrens, Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman!—Mr. Nuttall speaks of his
Rudbeckia atrorubens as “ closely allied to R. purpurea and R. pallida) but
perfectly distinct in its singular smoothness, very narrow entire leaves, and
dark red rays, which are very showy from the intensity of their color; and
in his recent memoir he accordingly refers it to Echinacea. Our plant agrees
in many respects with his brief description; but has apparently still more
attenuated leaves (2—3 lines wide, the lower a foot long), short rays (half an
inch long), a strigose-hairy involucre, short cusps to the chaff, and short conical
appendages to the style; so that it is a somewhat doubtful member of the
genus. We have not seen it fully in flower; but suspect that the scarcely
length ed COr°lla (whicb 18 that of Echinacea) nearly equals the chaff in
91. RUDBECKIA. Linn. (excl. spec.); Gcertn. Jr. t. 172; Cass.; DC.
Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers neutral, in a single series; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre foliaceous, in about 2
series, spreading. Receptacle conical or often more or less elongated and
spiciform; the chaff concave or navicular. Corolla with a cylindraceous or
somewhat dilated throat; the teeth erect or spreading. Branches of the style
terminated by a very short obtuse cone, or rarely with a subulate-lanceolate
barbellate appendage. Achenium quadrangular, obpyramidal or prismatic,
glabrous, flat at the summit. Pappus none, or minute and coroniform,
rarely somewhat conspicuous.—Mostly perennial (North American) herbs,
with alternate leaves, and rather large and showy heads terminating the stem
or branches. Rays yellow (rarely particolored), usually elongated, spreading
or drooping. Corolla of the disk, and the style, purple or brownish-purple,
sometimes greenish-yellow. Anthers fuscous.
§ 1. Disk conical or sub globose: pappus very short and coroniform, or often
none.—R udbeckia proper. (Centrocarpha, Don, partly.)
* Disk dark purplish-brown, subgtobose or broadly conical: appendages of the style lanceolate
or broadly subulate.
1. R . bicolor (Nutt.): annual, hirsute ; stem mostly simple, naked at the
summit; leaves oblong, sessile, obscurely serrate, rather obtuse ; the lowermost
petioled ; head (rather small) solitary; scales of the involucre linear-
oblong, hispid, rather shorter than the oblong (yellow and brownish-purple)
particolored rays; disk conical; chaff of the receptacle rather acute, hirsute
at the summit, as long as the corolla; pappus none.—Nutt.! in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 81.
Arkansas and on Red River, Nuttall ! Texas, Drummond !—Stem 1-2
feet high. Rays about 10, half an inch long; the lower half “ intense blackish
brown, with the gloss of velvet” (Nutt.) or dark purple; the upper part
yellow. Branches of the style lanceolate, barbellate.
2. R . hirta (Linn.) : very hirsute or hispid throughout; stems simple or
slightly branched, naked at the summit; radical and lowest cauline leaves
spatulate-oval or oblong, triplinerved, denticulate, petioled ; the upper ovate-
oblong or lanceolate, sessile, denticulate or serrate; scales of the involucre
numerous, narrowly lanceolate; rays (about 14) spreading; disk broadly
conical; chaff of the receptacle linear, mostly acute, hairy at the summit,
about the length of the corolla; pappus obsolete.—Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 907 ;
Michx. ! fi. 2. p. 143 ; Pursh! 1. c. ; Brit. fi. gard. 1. t. 82 ; Ell. 1. c .;
Darlingt.fi. Cest. p. 480 ; DC.! prodr. 5. p. 556. R. serotina, Nutt. ! in
jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 80.
a. heads large; rays nearly twice the length of the involucre.—Obelis-
cotheca integrifolia &c., Dill. Elth. t. 218, ƒ. 285.
f3. heads smaller; rays scarcely exceeding the involucre; leaves mostly
narrow.—R. strigosa Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. 1. c.
Dry soil, Upper Canada! and Western part of the State of New York !
Michigan! &c. to Florida! Western Louisiana! and Texas! @ or 2_£ ?
July-Sept.—Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, very rough. Rays bright yellow,